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Iran's primary nuclear facilities, long in Israel's sights

After Iran's missile attack on Israel on Tuesday, there is speculation that Israel might strike Iran's nuclear facilities as it has actually long threatened to do.

Below are a few of Iran's primary nuclear centers.

URANIUM ENRICHMENT AT ITS HEART

Iran's nuclear program is spread over lots of places. While the risk of Israeli airstrikes has loomed for decades, only a few of the sites have actually been developed underground.

The United States and the U.N. nuclear guard dog think Iran had a coordinated, secret nuclear weapons programme that it stopped in 2003. The Islamic Republic rejects ever having had one or planning to have one.

Iran accepted restrictions on its nuclear activities in exchange for relief from international sanctions under a 2015 deal with world powers. That pact broke down after then-President Donald Trump pulled out the United States in 2018 and Iran began deserting the constraints the next year.

Iran has actually been broadening its uranium enrichment program since, minimizing the so-called breakout time it would require to produce enough weapons-grade uranium for an a-bomb to a. matter of weeks from at least a year under the 2015 accord.

In fact making a bomb with that product would take longer. How long is less clear and the topic of argument.

Iran is now improving uranium to approximately 60% fissile pureness,. near the 90% of weapons grade, at 2 sites, and in theory. it has enough material enriched to that level, if enhanced. further, for nearly four bombs, according to a yardstick of the. International Atomic Energy Firm (IAEA), the U.N. guard dog.

NATANZ

A complex at the heart of Iran's enrichment programme on a. plain abutting mountains outside the Shi'ite Muslim holy city of. Qom, south of Tehran. Natanz houses facilities consisting of 2. enrichment plants: the large, underground Fuel Enrichment Plant. ( FEP) and the above-ground Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP).

An exiled Iranian opposition group revealed in 2002 that. Iran was secretly constructing Natanz, sparking a diplomatic. standoff between the West and Iran over its nuclear intents. that continues today.

The FEP was constructed for enrichment on an industrial scale, able. to house 50,000 centrifuges. Around 14,000 centrifuges are. currently set up there, approximately 11,000 of which remain in. operation, refining uranium to approximately 5% purity.

Diplomats with understanding of Natanz explain the FEP as being. about 3 floors below ground. There has actually long been dispute. about just how much damage Israeli airstrikes could do to it.

Damage has been done to centrifuges at the FEP by other. means, consisting of an explosion and power cut in April 2021 that. Iran stated was an attack by Israel.

The above-ground PFEP houses just a few hundred centrifuges. however Iran is enhancing to up to 60% pureness there.

FORDOW

On the opposite side of Qom, Fordow is an enrichment website. dug into a mountain and for that reason probably much better protected from. possible bombardment than the FEP.

The 2015 handle major powers did not enable Iran to improve. at Fordow at all. It now has more than 1,000 centrifuges. running there, a fraction of them advanced IR-6 machines. enhancing to up to 60%.

In addition, Iran recently doubled the variety of centrifuges. installed at Fordow, with all the new ones being IR-6 devices.

The United States, Britain and France announced in 2009 that. Iran had actually been covertly building Fordow for years and had failed. to inform the IAEA. U.S. President Barack Obama stated then: The. size and configuration of this center is inconsistent with a. tranquil program.

ISFAHAN

Iran has a large nuclear technology centre on the borders. of Isfahan, its 2nd largest city.

It consists of the Fuel Plate Fabrication Plant (FPFP) and the. uranium conversion facility (UCF) that can process uranium into. the uranium hexafluoride that is fed into centrifuges.

There is equipment at Isfahan to make uranium metal, a. process that is particularly proliferation-sensitive because it. can be used to develop the core of an a-bomb.

The IAEA has actually said there are machines for making centrifuge. parts at Isfahan, explaining it in 2022 as a brand-new location.

KHONDAB

Iran has actually a partly developed heavy-water research study reactor. originally called Arak and now Khondab. Heavy-water reactors. posture a nuclear proliferation risk because they can easily. produce plutonium which, like enriched uranium, can be used to. make the core of an atom bomb.

Under the 2015 deal, building was stopped, the reactor's. core was removed and filled with concrete to make it unusable. The reactor was to be revamped to minimise the production of. plutonium and not to produce weapon-grade plutonium in regular. operation. Iran has informed the IAEA that it plans to bring. the reactor online in 2026.

TEHRAN RESEARCH CENTRE

Iran's nuclear research study centers in Tehran include a. research study reactor.

BUSHEHR

Iran's only operating nuclear power plant, on the Gulf. coast, uses Russian fuel that Russia then takes back when it is. spent, decreasing the expansion risk.

(source: Reuters)