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The Gulf disruption has squeezed Indonesia's nickel producers' sulphur supplies

Analysts said that nickel makers in Indonesia, who rely on the Middle East to provide 75% of their sulphur needs, may be forced to reduce production as Gulf shipping has been disrupted more and more by the conflict.

The sulphur used in the production of sulphuric acids is vital for the leaching of metals from ore, especially in the nickel and copper refining processes. Some copper producers in Africa may face similar issues.

According to the U.S. Geological Survey, around 24 percent of global sulphur was produced in the Middle East last year. This amounted to 83.87 millions metric tons. The disruption of shipping in the Strait of Hormuz as a result of U.S., Israeli and Tehran's retaliatory attacks on Iran is threatening supplies.

Peter Harrisson, an analyst with consultancy CRU, says that Indonesia imports about three-quarters of its sulphur. Nickel from the country is mainly used to produce stainless steel.

According to two unnamed sources from Chinese refiners in Indonesia who declined to give their names because they were not authorized to speak to the public, the sulphur stocks at high-pressure acid leaching nickel plants are only enough to last one or two months.

Marco Martins, Project Blue analyst, said that sulphur costs accounted for half of the operating cost of HPAL plants before the conflict erupted. This was due to a massive rise in prices. He added that without alternatives, plants may be forced to cut production as early as next month.

SCRAMBLE TO FIND SUPPLIES

The scramble to get supplies will pit nickel refiners from Indonesia against copper mines in Africa and both with fertiliser manufacturers around the world, who are also looking for replacements for Middle Eastern Sulphur. CRU's Harrisson stated that sulphur had already risen to $500 per ton prior to the conflict and has, indicatively, increased another 10-15%.

A logistics source in Zambia stated that the current stockpiles in southern Africa of sulphur, which are around 900 000 tons, will only last for a few short weeks.

According to Harrisson, the Democratic Republic of the Congo imported between 1.3 and 1.4 millions tons of sulphur last year to produce copper, the majority of which came from the Middle East.

Copper smelters can produce sulphuric acids as a byproduct. This means that copper miners who own or live near smelters in Africa will at least be partially protected from shortages.

Anthony Mukutuma, the country director of First Quantum Minerals in Zambia, said that the company's copper operations are not affected because it sources acid from its smelters.

Martins of Project Blue says that not all miner will have easy access to the smelter produced acid. Many still depend on sulphur.

Robert Friedland of Ivanhoe Mines who co-owns a sulphuric plant that produces 1,200?tons a day at their Kamoa-Kakula Copper Project?in Congo with Zijin Mining, stated in a post 'on X' that prices will likely rise even further.

Harrisson, of CRU, said that if vessel flows were constrained for longer than two weeks it was inevitable that the consumption would need to be deferred or slowed down.

(source: Reuters)