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New technology aids Brazil's crackdown on illegal Amazon gold trade

Harley Sandoval, an evangelical pastor, real estate representative and mining business owner, was detained in July 2023 for illegally exporting 294 kilos of gold from Brazil's Amazon to the United States, Dubai and Italy.

On paper, the gold was sourced from a legal possibility Sandoval was certified to mine in the northern state of Tocantins. However authorities stated not an ounce of gold had been mined there because colonial times.

Using innovative forensic innovation, in addition to satellite imagery, Brazil's Federal Authorities said it was able to develop that the exported gold did not come from the Tocantins possibility. Instead, it had actually been dug up from three various wildcat mines in neighboring Pará, some on safeguarded Native reservation lands, according to formerly unreported court documents dated November 2023 seen .

The prosecution is among the first in Brazil using the new innovation to take on clandestine trading that might account for as much as half of the gold output of Brazil, a major producer and exporter of the precious metal. Illegal gold mining has actually risen at countless websites in the Amazon rain forest, bringing ecological damage and criminal violence to the area.

Seizures of unlawfully mined gold have surged seven-fold in the past 7 years, according to Federal Authorities records acquired exclusively .

Sandoval, who has actually been launched pending trial and continues to preach with his wife at a Pentecostal Evangelical church in the central Brazilian city of Goiania, denies the accusations. He maintains there is no chance to establish where the gold was mined once it is melted down into ingots for export.

That's difficult. To export gold one constantly needs to melt it down, he told Reuters by telephone.

THE DNA OF GOLD

Historically, gold is infamously difficult to trace, particularly when metal from various sources has actually been melted together, erasing the original signatures. After that, it can quickly be traded as a monetary possession or be used in the jewelry industry.

However private investigators say that's starting to change. A cops program called Targeting Gold is developing a database of samples from throughout Brazil that are taken a look at with radio-isotope scans and fluorescence spectroscopy to figure out the distinct composition of aspects.

The technique, long utilized in archaeology, was pioneered in mining by University of Pretoria geologist Roger Dixon to assist compare legal and stolen gold.

The program established in collaboration with university researchers consists of the use of powerful light beams from a. particle accelerator at a Sao Paulo laboratory to study nano-sized. impurities related to gold, be it dirt or other metals like. lead or copper, that assist trace its origins.

Humberto Freire, director of the Federal Authorities's. recently-created Environment and Amazon Department, said the. innovation enables scientists to examine the DNA of Brazilian. gold.

Nature has actually marked the gold with isotopes and we can check out. these distinct fingerprints with radio-isotope scans, Freire. said. With this tool we can trace unlawful gold before it gets. refined for export.

The program has actually assisted fuel an increase in gold seizures. since leftist President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva took office. last year-- up 38% in 2023 from 2022, according to federal government. numbers seen . New Brazil central bank gold market. policies, including compulsory electronic tax receipts for all. trades and tightened tracking of suspect transactions, have. also helped, according to Freire.

We approximate that around 40% of the gold that is drawn out. in the Amazon is prohibited, he informed Reuters. Brazil exported 110. tonnes of gold in 2020 worth $5 billion, according to official. information, ranking among the world's leading 20 exporters. Last year,. exports were 77.7 tonnes, a drop the government credits to. improved enforcement of illegal mining.

INDIGENOUS STRESS

Lula's predecessor, reactionary President Jair Bolsonaro. weakened environmental protections in the Amazon. That triggered a new gold rush in Brazil, spurred by record. world gold costs that were increased by geopolitical tensions. and reserve bank purchases, led by China. Prices have actually continued to new highs, trading at around $2,650 per. ounce on Friday.

Gold hurries have actually been a hallmark of mineral-rich Brazil from. its Portuguese colonial past. However the latest rise in wildcat. mining start throughout Bolsonaro's administration has actually been. unprecedented. Satellite images reveal there are some 80,000 such. prospects today in the Amazon jungle, more than ever. registered before. As soon as controlled by prospectors with gold pans, artisanal mining. in Brazil has ended up being an industrial-scale activity with heavy. excavating equipment and million-dollar river dredgers. Criminal. organizations fly people, devices and gold into and out of the. region with helicopters and airplanes that land at private. airstrips. Their excavations frequently leave gaping ponds of sludge. contaminated with mercury, used to separate the gold from dirt. and other minerals. In 2015, countless miners who invaded the Yanomami. territory, the country's largest Native reservation on the. northern border with Venezuela, brought violence and disease. that caused malnutrition and a humanitarian crisis among the. tribe, triggering Lula to send in troops. But numerous returned this year after the military pulled out. Lula,. who has actually promised to mark out unlawful gold mining, attempted to fight. back by releasing special forces of the environmental management. agency Ibama into Native bookings and forest. conservation parks.

Authorities state cracking down on the organized crime gangs that. back the wildcat miners is the next action in staunching an. unlawful trade that feeds the precious jewelry and watch market in. Switzerland, which purchases 70% of Brazil's exported gold, according. to government trade data.

Amazon neighbors, consisting of Colombia and French Guiana, are. thinking about embracing the Brazilian gold analysis method to deal. with their unlawful gold trade and European governments have. shown interest, consisting of Switzerland and Britain, the top. importers from Brazil after Canada, cops and diplomats stated.

Brazil accounts for simply 1% of gold imported by Switzerland,. a worldwide trade hub for the metal, and measures are in place to. import just lawfully mined gold, a Swiss embassy statement said. The embassy stated it has set up a working group with other. importing countries to study traceability and. anti-counterfeiting tools.

A 2022 study by non-profit watchdog Instituto Escolhas found. that 52% of the gold exported from the Amazon was illegal,. almost all from protected Indigenous appointment lands or. national conservation parks.

A lively lobby for informal gold mining has endured. Bolsonaro in Brazil's Conservative Congress, where pending costs. propose legalizing wildcat mining.

For now, however, gold samples from across Brazil are being. contributed to a database with the assistance of researchers at the Federal. Authorities's criminology institute lab in Brasilia, where forensic. expert Erich Moreira Lima manages tiny scanning of gold. nuggets that are kept in a safe.

Now that we have a group established, we intend to analyze the. 30,000 gold samples the Brazilian Geological Service has. collected. In a couple of years, we must have mapped all Brazil's 24. gold producing regions, he told Reuters.

Geologist Maria Emilia Schutesky and her group at the. National University of Brasilia's geosciences laboratory conduct mass. spectrometry scans on gold samples to recognize associated. molecules, such as lead, to position the gold's origins.

We scientists look for a 100% capability to trace gold, but that. is more than what the authorities requires to prove a criminal activity, which is. just to establish that the gold does not originate from where a. suspects declares it is from, Schutesky said.

(source: Reuters)