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Karen Braun: The role of China in US agriculture has changed.

Last month, the prospect of renewed Chinese interest in U.S. agricultural products sparked excitement on grain markets. However, enthusiasm has waned and no immediate purchases have materialized.

It was not surprising that the initial reaction to the?bullish news was so positive. China is the main driver of growth in U.S. Agriculture, driving record soybean exports and grain prices, as well as emerging to be a major buyer for everything from beef to corn. The trade agreement signed last month included at least $17 Billion in 'U.S. The Chinese government's recent announcement of additional agricultural purchases, beyond the existing soybean deals revived hopes for China to become again a?leading driver?of growth in American farm exports.

The dynamics have changed due to years of tensions in the trade and the rise of South America. China's importance to U.S. agricultural production remains high, but its contribution varies depending on the commodity.

SOYBEANS: China left the U.S. market, not the soybeans

China's dependence upon U.S. soyabeans has declined dramatically over the past few years, but its influence on the global soybean markets has not. Since nearly two decades, the Asian buyers' share of global imports remains relatively stable at around 60%. Chinese purchases of U.S. soya beans have dropped sharply from record levels earlier in this decade, as Brazil increased production and exported more. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. soybean volume exported to China in 2025/26, which ends August 31, will fall by almost 50% compared to last year. This is a 19-year record low.

Industry estimates show that by the end May, China had met more than 90% its needs for 2025/26. This pace is on par with last years', thanks to an increase in South American purchases.

Recent trade agreements suggest that U.S. soyabean exports to China may double in 2026/27. However, the overall picture of soybean exports is not as rosy. The USDA projections indicate that U.S. soyabean exports to other countries would drop to a low of 13 years in 2026/27 if China's assumed share is excluded. This could be because forced demand from one partner can impact the demand for the other partners.

CORN: HEALTHIER IF CHINA IS NOT INCLUDED?

U.S. exports of corn are a completely different story. Chinese purchases accounted for nearly one-third (2020/21) of U.S. Corn shipments, helping to boost U.S. Corn exports that year to a new record 2,75 billion bushels. Many at the time viewed China's role in export growth as crucial. This record was broken without Chinese involvement in 2024/25, and 2025/26 is expected to see shipments reach another high of 3,3?billion bushels without Chinese participation.

Mexico, a reliable and long-term buyer, is the reason for this increase in demand.

USDA's forecast shows that a greater share of corn will be exported in 2026/27 than it did in 2020/21. However, there is little evidence to suggest that China has made significant purchases.

This doesn't mean that the Chinese demand is no longer important or that it would not have positive market implications.

If China were to return as a major buyer of corn, would the total U.S. exports increase further or would higher prices displace existing demand as it appears to be happening for soybeans.

BEEF: TRADE DEAL WEAKNESSES EXPOSED

Beef is a product that falls between corn and soybeans, but presents different tradeoffs. China was a major customer of U.S. beef importers just a few short years ago. U.S. officials want to regain that business after the recent trade agreement.

The beef prices in the United States have hit record highs and the cattle herd is at a low not seen for 75 years.

U.S. officials highlighted China's appetites for lesser-valued cuts and variety meats, suggesting Chinese consumers buy products Americans don't consume as often.

This portrayal is incomplete and leaves out important details.

In the past, U.S. exports of beef to China were largely products that overlapped heavily with domestic consumption. This is similar to other major U.S. buyers of beef.

China is a major buyer of U.S. cuts and offal.

Even if the Chinese demand for lower-valued cuts benefits U.S. ranchers, it also risks intensifying competition for already limited supplies. Ranchers are also at risk of intensifying the competition for limited supplies.

It may be worth examining the idea that beef exports to China could increase without impacting on the domestic market.

NEW MARKET, OLD THINKING?

Soybeans and corn, as well as beef, help explain why China’s role in U.S. Agriculture cannot be defined with a single narrative.

However, the grain markets react to Chinese purchases as if they were uniform in all sectors. Even though purchase commitments are not a guarantee, they can still cause sharp movements in futures and speculative positions.

The 'prospect of a renewed Chinese purchasing helped push speculators combined positions in U.S. grain and oilseeds at record bullish levels.

This was a logical reaction: a stronger Chinese economy has usually led to better prospects for U.S. agricultural production for the last two decades. Now, however, the impact is less clear.

China will continue to affect markets, but it is not the most important factor.

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(source: Reuters)