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The climate change is putting the Winter Games in Milano Cortina to the test.

Teams of snowmakers are racing against the clock to meet the competition requirements for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, within ever-shorter cold windows. Climate change is reshaping the limits of technology.

Organisers at Italy's Alpine venues are increasingly relying on artificially-produced snow to compensate for the declining and less predictable natural snowfall. This means that months of preparation can be squeezed into short periods of subzero temperatures, leaving less room for error.

In order to accommodate the Olympic competition in Milano - Cortina, resorts like Livigno, Bormio and Antholz-Anterselva, which are already established, have added reservoirs, pumps and snow guns.

Nemanja dogo, executive technical director at snowmaking specialists TechnoAlpin who has supplied systems to many Olympic and World Cup venues, stated that in Livigno, alone, over 600,000 cubic meters of snow were produced since mid December for freestyle and snowboard events. Production was accelerated during brief cold spells.

Dogo said that temperatures dropped to minus 22°C after Christmas, making it a good time to make snow.

Snow formation is dependent on temperatures around minus 2 or minus 2.5 degrees Celsius for a wet bulb.

Dogo stated that "the window to prepare for the 1st of December is getting smaller and smaller."

Researchers say that this is one of most obvious operational impacts of warmer winters.

Caitlin Pries, a Dartmouth associate professor who studies winter climate changes and their ecological and recreational effects, said: "It's just not like you're losing the natural snow. You're also loosing the days that it takes to make snow."

She added that Europe is especially exposed.

The further south you go in Europe, the more likely it is that you will experience a'snow drought.

This causes resorts to produce large amounts of snow quickly, increasing the pressure on their infrastructure, staffing, and energy systems when there are brief cold snaps.

In the last 20 years, snowmaking technology has improved significantly through automation, better forecasting, and efficiency gains.

In the past, snow guns were used to cover only a portion of the slopes. It could take up to 150 hours for a priority slope. In 2018, this had dropped to 100 hours. Dogo says that many resorts today aim to finish priority slopes within 50 hours.

He said that with the same amount of power as in 10 to 15 year ago, they can produce 25% more snow. TechnoAlpin invests around 8 million Euros annually into research and development.

Most of the investment went into software that integrated snow guns, pumps stations, and weather forecasts. This allowed resorts to accurately predict how much they could produce, and operate systems automatically in order to minimise waste.

Scientists say that technological advancements do not eliminate physical constraints.

We need low freezing temperatures to make snow. Hicks Pries stated that low freezing temperatures are needed to make snow.

As resorts increase snowmaking in order to meet tighter deadlines, energy use is a priority.

Dogo stated that snowmaking systems are typically operated between 250-300 hours per year. Fan guns consume 20-25 kilowatts an hour while lance gun use 1.5-4 kilowatts, depending on the conditions.

He said that in Austria, the ski industry, including snowmaking, lifts, and hotels, accounts for around 2% of the national electricity consumption. In Switzerland, this figure is lower.

Hicks Pries stated that the energy footprint of snowmaking must be considered in context.

She said that the electricity used for snowmaking accounts for 2 to 4% (or less) of total carbon dioxide emissions from a ski resort. "Transportation combined is 50 to 80 percent."

Critics claim that rising energy costs and shrinking windows for cold temperatures could make large-scale ice making more expensive. Dogo, however, said that he did not anticipate snowmaking becoming economically unsustainable any time soon. He cited the continued growth of skier numbers worldwide.

He said that efficiency was the key. "The key is efficiency," he said.

The Winter Games are a test for the International Olympic Committee to see how much snowmaking can compensate climate pressure.

Numerous studies indicate that the number of cities that can reliably host Winter Olympics is decreasing, raising concerns about their long-term viability.

Hicks Pries says that snowmaking is only a temporary solution, and the risks will continue to increase as long as temperatures rise.

Hicks Pries stated that "With four degrees Celsius warming, 98% European ski resorts will be at risk of low snow supply."

If they have the necessary resources, right now snowmaking could cover the changes we are seeing. This can't continue." (Reporting and editing by Hugh Lawson; Julien Pretot).

(source: Reuters)