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Overview of Iran's Energy Industry and Infrastructure

Israel launched strikes against Iran on Friday. It targeted its nuclear facilities, missile factories, and military commanders as part of a long-term operation, which it has warned will be prolonged, to stop Tehran from building atomic weapons.

According to the National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company, oil storage and refining plants were not damaged by the attack.

Here are some interesting facts about the energy industry of the country, its exports, and the impact that previous Western sanctions had on it.

SANCTIONS & OPEC

According to OPEC, Iran's oil output peaked in the 1970s. In 1974 it reached a record 6 million barrels per day. This was over 10% of the world's output.

The United States first imposed sanctions against Tehran in 1979. Since then, several waves of U.S. sanctions and European Union sanctions have been aimed at the country.

In 2018, the United States tightened its sanctions after Trump pulled out of a nuclear agreement during his first term as president. Iran's oil sales fell to near zero in some months.

Analysts say sanctions were not enforced as strictly under the administration of Trump's successor, President Joe Biden. Iran was able to evade them.

Iran is exempted from OPEC+ production restrictions.

Who is the main buyer of Iranian oil?

Iran's crude oil exports rose to a multiyear high of 1.8m bpd, the highest level since 2018, due to strong Chinese demand.

China claims that it does not recognize sanctions against its trading partners. China's private refiners are the main buyers of Iranian crude oil. Some of these companies have been recently placed on U.S. Treasury's sanctions list. However, there is little evidence that the sanctions have had a significant impact on Iranian oil flows to China.

Iran has been evading sanctions for years by hiding satellite positions and transferring ships from one vessel to another.

PRODUCTION & INFRASTRUCTURE

Iran is the third-largest producer of crude oil in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It extracts 3.3 million barrels of crude oil each day, plus another 1.3 millions bpd of liquids and condensate, which totals to about 4.5% of the global supply.

According to Kpler it exported 1.8 million barrels per day of crude oil and condensate, which is close to the peak of 2018. The remainder of production was processed in domestic refineries, with a capacity of 2.6 millions bpd.

Kpler reports that in May, the country exported LPG and oil products worth 750,000 bpd.

According to FGE the country produces 34 billion cubic foot of gas every day. This is 7% of world production. The gas is used exclusively in the domestic market.

Iran's hydrocarbon facilities are concentrated primarily in the southwest. For oil, they are located in the Khuzestan Province and for gas and condensate produced from the South Pars Field in Bushehr.

Kharg Island is the main port of export for 90% of the crude oil.

Analysts believe Saudi Arabia and the other OPEC countries could compensate for a drop in Iranian oil supply by pumping more. Although a number producers are currently raising their output targets, the spare capacity of the group is being strained.

(source: Reuters)