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US seeks agreement to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear arsenal

Donald Trump has gathered forces in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Iran to reach an agreement.

What is at stake?

Iran has developed a large-scale and advanced uranium enrichment program over the past decades. At varying purity levels, enriched uranium is suitable for power plants. However, at higher levels of purification it can be used to?make nuclear weaponry.

Iran had been enriching uranium up to 60% purity before Israel and the U.S. struck its nuclear facilities in June last year. This is a small step away from the 90% of uranium that can be used for weapons.

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, it had enough material that was enriched up to this level to make 10 nuclear weapons. It also had more material at lower levels. IAEA, U.N.'s nuclear watchdog hasn't been able, however, to verify the amount of uranium that remains. Iran has not yet declared 'what happened' or allowed the agency to inspect their bombed nuclear facility.

The attacks on Iran's nuclear enrichment facilities resulted in their destruction or serious damage, though the exact situation, such as the stock of uranium, is yet to be confirmed.

What do both sides want?

The two sides had different demands after the June bombings: the U.S. wanted Iran to stop enrichment and Iran refused.

Iran is a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and has the right enrich uranium, as long as they do not use them to make nuclear weapons, something that they say will never happen.

There are only limited options for Iran in terms of the deal it might strike, including a phase where they would suspend their enrichment programme.

Other ways to enrich your life

In previous talks, the idea of a regional consortium for enrichment was floated. This would involve establishing a joint venture with another country from the Middle East. Tehran has rejected this as an alternative for enriching on Iranian soil.

* Enrich other purposes

The centrifuges that enrich uranium can also be used to produce stable isotopes. These are useful in medical research and for scientific purposes.

Trump's withdrawal from the landmark 2015 agreement between Iran and major countries, which allowed centrifuges to be used at Iran's underground Fordow facility only for production of stable isotopes.

Iran's response to Trump's withdrawal included the start of enrichment at Fordow which was bombed by the U.S. in June.

* Enhance to a low-level

The more highly enriched the uranium that you begin with, the easier it is to enrich to weapons grade. Once you've enriched uranium to 5% purity, you're more than halfway there in terms of effort.

Limiting the amount of uranium that Iran can accumulate and its purity will help keep it at bay.

Iran was allowed to enrich up to 3.67% purity under the 2015 agreement. Diplomats joked that Trump will only accept 3.67% enrichment now, because he rejects the 2015 deal.

What else needs to be addressed?

A deal would require a thorough accounting of Iran's enriched uranium stock. Any doubts about that could lead to a new conflict.

A deal in 2015 would have required the removal or dilution of enriched Uranium and a limit on the number and location of centrifuges.

Iran is able to enrich using advanced centrifuges and it has an unknown amount of these centrifuges in unknown locations. This could make any future agreement vulnerable. Verification, likely by the IAEA is therefore a key issue. (Editing Timothy Heritage)

(source: Reuters)