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Germany's election: polls, parties, and policy debates

Germany will hold an immediate national election on February 23 after the collapse of Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s three-way alliance.

The main political parties, their polling positions, and key policy issues are listed below:

Parties

Germany has two "big-tent", centrist parties: Scholz’s centre-left Social Democrats and the opposition Conservatives, an alliance between the Christian Democrats (CDU), and their Bavarian counterpart party, the Christian Social Union CSU.

In recent years, smaller parties like the Greens or Alternative for Germany (AfD), a far-right party, have gained ground.

All four parties, the SPD, Greens, Conservatives and AfD, have candidates running for chancellor.

According to polls, the Free Democrats (FDP), Linke (a far-left party) and Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance are also running. However, they are at risk of not reaching the 5% threshold for entering parliament.

According to the INSA survey released on February 1, the conservatives are leading the nationwide polls and have reached 30%. The AfD is at 22%.

Scholz' SPD has fallen to third place from first in the election of 2021. The Greens are on 12%, and the BSW is on 6%. Both the FDP and Linke poll at 4%

Analysts believe that polls can change quickly as voters have become less loyal. The conservatives were unable to maintain their lead in the election campaign of 2021. They fell from the frontrunners to the runner-up in a matter of months.

Friedrich Merz is a conservative leader who is prone to gaffes. He can also be quick to anger.

What are the key issues?

Ukraine

The mainstream parties in Germany are all for helping Ukraine to repel Russia's full scale invasion. However, the AfD/BSW wants to stop weapons deliveries to Kyiv as well as a return to good relations with Moscow.

Scholz and the SPD, however, have struck a more conservative tone recently, highlighting the importance of diplomacy, than the Greens, FDP and the Conservatives who all support the delivery of long-range Taurus rockets from Germany to Kyiv.

Reviving the Economy

Scholz proposes to encourage private investment and modernise infrastructure by creating a 100 billion euro fund that is off budget. Scholz' SPD plans to give businesses a 10% direct tax rebate on their equipment purchases.

Robert Habeck, a Green Party member, has called, as Scholz did, for reforms to the constitutionally-enshrined debt break in Germany, allowing for increased public spending.

Merz also indicated some openness towards a moderate reformation of the debt brake, but in his party's platform he pledged to keep it. Both the AfD (the Alternative for Germany) and the FDP (the Free Democratic Party) are staunch defenders against the public borrowing limit.

In the CDU/CSU manifesto, they have proposed a wide range of financial reliefs for citizens and companies, including tax reductions on income and corporations, as well as lower electricity rates. The CDU/CSU have not stated how they would finance these.

The AfD is calling for Germany to abandon the euro and reintroduce its own currency, the Deutsche Mark. It also wants the country to leave the EU.

- Migration

The public's concern over migration and security has been exacerbated by a series of violent attacks in Germany that are linked to foreign suspects. This has led to political parties demanding stricter immigration measures.

Merz broke a taboo by sponsoring a bill in support of the AfD after the latest attack on January 22. This was a break from the previous policy against working with the far right party.

He failed to get a majority of his own deputies to back the bill.

The conservative CDU, in general, has taken a more strict stance against immigration over the past few years. They have called for the deportation of asylum seekers, as well as limits on family reunions and naturalisations for refugees.

AfD, the anti-Islam and anti-migration party, has called for border closures and to deny asylum seekers their right to family reunion. AfD senior members went further with their comments, and attended discussions between far-right activists on the deportation of millions of people from foreign countries including German citizens.

The SPD has a tougher stance on immigration, enforcing more strict border controls and increasing deportations.

The Greens, on the other hand, maintain an open policy in terms of asylum, and promote initiatives such as state-sponsored sea rescues, simplifying processes for family reunion and enhancing integration.

- Energy

The high energy prices in Germany remain a major challenge for both households and businesses. They are also a key topic during the election campaign.

CDU, SPD, and Greens all agree that renewable energy can be expanded to reduce costs, but they differ in their financing strategies: The CDU proposes using higher revenues from CO2 certificates to lower network charges, while SPD and Greens favor debt-financed subsidies. The CDU, AfD and SPD also suggest a return of nuclear power. This idea is rejected by SPD and Greens.

The AfD is against all renewable energy subsidies. It advocates unrestricted operation of coal-fired plants and the elimination of CO2 pricing in order to reduce consumer costs and improve energy security.

Relations with Trump

Germany is especially sensitive about the question of how to deal with the new administration led by Donald Trump who has already hinted at increased tariffs and reduced support for Europe. The U.S. is still Germany's main export market and security ally.

Scholz, the SPD candidate, has strongly reacted to Trump's remarks on Greenland, Canada and other countries. Merz, the conservative candidate, warned him against lecturing Trump, focusing instead on areas of potential cooperation, such as a possible EU-U.S. Trade Deal or joint China Strategy.

Habeck, a Greens member, warned that the EU should stand united and engage in talks with Trump's administration as a trade conflict will harm both sides.

All the major parties are sceptical about Trump's demands that European countries increase their defence spending to 5%. This is because Germany will struggle to maintain 2% of its economic output after the special fund for military purposes runs out. Habeck has, however, already proposed a 3.5% increase.

AfD is the German party which has shown the most support for the Trump administration. Elon Musk was a frequent endorser of the AfD and spoke on X to Alice Weidel, the party's candidate for chancellor. Reporting by Sarah Marsh and Maria Martinez. Editing by Alexandra Hudson and Mark Heinrich.

(source: Reuters)