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Andy Home: Copper joins the list of critical minerals but there is plenty in the US already

The U.S. Government has added copper to its list of critical mineral - metals that are vital to the economy and national security of the United States.

The United States, however, has amassed the second-largest copper stockpile in the world, after China's reserves.

The federal government has not spent a single dollar on this project. The copper market did all the work by creating a huge arbitrage gap between U.S. prices traded at the CME and international prices traded on the London Metal Exchange.

Price differentials have already brought massive quantities of copper to the United States. The market is still betting that the designation of critical minerals, which was first announced in August, will increase the likelihood of U.S. tariffs on imports.

TRADING THE GAP

The market quickly priced in the possibility of U.S. tariffs similar in size to those already applied to steel and aluminum imports.

At one point in July, the CME spot premium was almost $3,000 per ton over the London metal market. This created an opportunity for the largest traders of the world to ship as much actual metal to the United States as possible.

The premium collapsed in July after the Trump Administration blindsided the market with tariffs on imported semi-manufactured copper products, but delayed a decision until July 2026 on refined metal.

Tariff Trade Over?

The arbitrage gap was widening, it appeared. The spot CME premium, which was under $100 per tonne in August, has now risen to over $300 per tonne. Meanwhile the 10-month-forward premium is priced at nearly $800 per tonne.

The current arbitrage gap may not be as large as in July but it is still enough to cover all the costs associated with shipping the units to the United States.

MARKET OF FIRST RESORT

The CME's copper stock is increasing, despite the fact that it only has domestic U.S. deliveries.

CME stock levels have risen from a low of 83.900 tons in February to more than 335,000 tons. CME warehouses hold more copper now than the LME, Shanghai Futures Exchange and LME combined.

The CME network continues to receive metal every day. Most of it is delivered from New Orleans, but also from Baltimore, Salt Lake City, and Tucson.

CME is just the tip.

Benchmark Minerals Intelligence, a consultancy, estimates that there are between 731,000 to 831,000 tonnes of "economically trapped" copper in the United States. The metal is trapped in the sense that a massive inversion of arbitrage between United States and rest of world would be required to release it for re-export.

Given the widening of the U.S. premium in recent years, it is more likely that metal will join the copper mountain than the opposite.

The government shutdown has affected U.S. Trade Statistics, but the refined copper imports in the first 7 months of this year were already above one million tons. This is an increase of almost 400,000 tonnes compared to the same period last year.

Recent export data from major copper-suppliers such as Chile and Peru, and Australia suggests that the physical tariff trade is not slowing down.

The United States is still the first market to look to for spare copper. This is why Europe's biggest producer Aurubis was able to increase its premium for deliveries in 2026 by a staggering 38%, to a record price of $315 per ton above the LME base price.

US STRATEGIC STORAGE

The market dynamics have led to a tectonic shift of copper from the world's mines into the United States.

The country has built a stockpile of strategic weapons, but it is not a state-owned one. It's a commercial stockpile.

The stockpile continues to grow and will do so for as long as arbitrage is allowing traders to profit easily by grabbing up metal anywhere else and shipping it to an American port.

The Strategic Reserves Administration of China does not reveal how much copper it has. The target of two million tons has been floating around the market since many years.

The United States hasn't reached that level yet, but is well on the way to building up a reserve of similar size.

Ironically, there may be another twist to the trade in copper tariffs.

The Trump administration said that it would review the U.S. dependence on imports in July of next year. It may also consider phasing-in a tariff for refined copper starting in 2027.

Even without the tariff boost intended for domestic production, every ton of copper that clears U.S. Customs reduces this dependency.

Andy Home is an author and columnist. Enjoying this article? Open Interest (ROI), a data-driven, thought-provoking commentary on the markets and finance. Follow ROI on LinkedIn, X and X.

(source: Reuters)