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It won't be quick or easy to unravel the "tangled web" of Iran sanctions

Tehran will gain billions from the 60-day reprieve of U.S. Sanctions announced on Monday. However, unwinding four decades of restrictions could take many years.

The question is whether a U.S. interim deal with Iran will translate into lasting economic benefits, given the complexity of dismantling sanctions that encompass U.S. law, international measures, and private sector risk concerns.

Since the late 1970s, the United Nations, U.S., and European Union have imposed "sanctions, trade embargoes, and frozen assets" over Iran's nuke program, human right violations, and support of militant groups in the region.

According to a memorandum signed last week by the U.S., Iran, and other countries, Washington will begin to abolish all sanctions in accordance with a schedule that is to be finalized within 60 days. This period can be extended.

The U.S. Treasury Department issued a temporary license on Monday allowing production, delivery, and sale of crude and petrochemical products and petroleum products with Iranian origin until August 21.

If the remaining sanctions are lifted, it would be a dramatic change in U.S. Middle East policy. The U.S. has been focusing on "reducing Iran's influence" and using financial pressure to weaken the theocratic regime.

This would be difficult as well, since it would require executive action in some cases, congressional approval in others, and close coordination with other countries and the U.N. that have implemented their own "sanctions". After decades of restrictions, companies could also be wary.

Juan Zarate said, "You've got this complicated nest of sanctions. It's not only executive orders; it's also congressional sanctions." Zarate was the deputy national security advisor for combating terror under George W. Bush.

CONGRESS IS SKEPTICAL

Washington sanctioned Iran for the first time in 1979 after students from the revolutionary movement seized and held hostage diplomats at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.

Since then, Congress passed half a dozen laws on sanctions and the presidents issued executive orders regarding Iran's nuclear programme and its support of groups that the U.S. considers terrorist organizations, including Hamas and Hezbollah, as well as?Yemen’s Houthis.

According to Treasury data, since early 2025 the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Treasury has sanctioned more than 1,000 individuals, vessels, and aircraft.

Jeremy Paner said that OFAC would need at least a year to delist thousands of entities. He is a former U.S. sanction official and a partner in the law firm Hughes Hubbard & Reed.

The President Donald Trump has the power to revoke executive orders on Iran. However, some measures, such as sanctions against Hamas and Hezbollah, are required by law. They will need to be amended or removed by Congress. His Republican colleagues have already been very critical of his interim agreement.

Matt Zweig is the managing director of FDD Action's lobbying arm, and he says that it would be hard to undo 40 years of sanctions.

Zweig, an ex-aide to the House Foreign Affairs Committee, said that removing layers of sanctions would be like peeling off an onion. It would expose the administration to not only legal complications but also political risks.

Some estimates suggest that the license granted on Monday may be worth as much as $3 billion to Iran in two months.

Edward Fishman, senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, says that this could grow to "at lease tens or hundreds of billions" of dollars if it were made permanent. This would erase a discount on Iranian crude oil, allow Tehran to sell its oil to other buyers than China, and increase exports. China buys 90% of Iranian crude oil despite sanctions.

The new license, which is more expansive than the one issued last March, covers not only oil and petroleum products but also banking, transportation, and insurance related to oil trade. This will give Tehran easier access?to their revenues.

There are a lot of thorny questions involved," said Stephanie Connor. She is now a partner at Holland & Knight and a former OFAC employee. She added that lifting the sanctions could result in money flowing to groups which the U.S. views as a threat.

"Are you really going to allow money to start flowing into Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps?" She asked, referring to the powerful paramilitary group that the U.S. designated as a terrorist organization.

WARY COMPANIES

Banks, oil companies and insurers are going to face new regulations, stricter due diligence, and sanctions-evasion risk? tied to Iran's links with China, North Korea, and Russia. The EU, Britain, U.N. and other sanctions remain in place. Zarate explained that "we've beaten up the markets with the risk of dealing with Iran or Iran through the market, so now you can't just flip a switch to say, 'Oh it's OK to do business? with Iran'."

The Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act of 2016 allows victims of terrorist attacks to sue companies and investors for assisting designated groups. This act is not likely to be repealed.

According to Brett Erickson of Obsidian Risk Advisors, a principal, such risks may cause companies to avoid working with Iran in order to avoid legal and reputational risks as long as Iran's government is still in power.

He said that he would not be able to make multi-billion dollar pledges until the situation was more stable and firmly cemented. "There's a long road ahead." (Reporting and editing by Don Durfee, Howard Goller and Andrea Shalal)

(source: Reuters)