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What is behind Iran's long-running dispute with the United States of America?

The United States has withdrawn some diplomatic staff as well as military families from the Middle East citing regional security threats that are not specified.

The long-standing rivalry between Iran and the United States may have contributed to tensions. This article explains the history of the rivalry and how it played out. It also explains why tensions have risen again.

Why did Iran and the United States become enemies?

Iran and the United States have been friends for much of the 20th Century.

In the 1950s as the Cold War began to take hold, Washington relied heavily on Iran's ruling Shah to stem the spread of Soviet influence in the oil producing Middle East.

The Shah's popularity was waning at home, and the CIA helped to topple a populist Iranian Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh. He had nationalised Iran’s British-owned Oil Company and wanted a neutral Cold War stance.

The Islamic Revolutionaries in Iran who overthrew the Shah of Iran in 1979 accused the CIA for training the secret police of the Shah and vowed that they would fight Western imperialism throughout the region. They called America the "Great Satan".

The American embassy was taken over by revolutionary students who held dozens of diplomats, staff and others hostage for a period exceeding a year. This ended a strategic alliance which had shaped this region for decades.

How did the US-Iranian Rivalry play out?

The new Iranian government sought to export the Islamic Revolution to other Shi'ite Muslims, as well as groups that opposed Israel. It saw Israel as the main avatar of an imperialist Western project oppressing Muslims throughout the Middle East.

Hezbollah was established in Lebanon by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps of Iran in the early 1980s. The United States accuses this group of bombing their embassy and Marine barracks in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1983 and killing 300 people, mainly Americans.

Hezbollah has claimed that other groups are responsible for the wars it fought with Israel, the U.S.'s main regional ally.

Iran also had complaints. Baghdad backed Baghdad in its war against Iran. Iraq invaded Iran and began using chemical weapons in 1982. In 1988, a U.S. ship mistakenly downed an Iranian passenger aircraft and killed 290 people.

After 1990 tensions began to ease as the U.S. focused its attention on Iraq following Baghdad's invasion and Iran elected Mohammed Khatami in 1997, a reformist president who wished for better relations with Western countries.

In the early 2000s, rivalry erupted again when U.S. president George W. Bush labelled Iran as part of an “Axis of Evil” along with Iraq and North Korea. This label caused anger in Iran.

In 2002, Iran's secret nuke programme was revealed. The U.S. invasion of Iraq led by 2003 placed the two countries at odds in a battle for control of the Shi'ite-majority country.

Who are the U.S. and Iran in the Middle East?

In conflicts and political battles between both sides' proxies, the U.S. and Iranian rivalry is often played out in the background.

Iran also supports Hezbollah and other armed Shi'ite groups in Iraq, including the Houthi group, which has attacked international shipping on the Red Sea, as well as the Palestinian militant group Hamas.

The United States has been the principal international supporter of Israel for many years, Iran's main regional rival. The United States is also an ally of the Sunni Gulf monarchies, who have for many years been waging their own war against Iran.

Saudi Arabia, along with other Sunni-majority countries, has buried the hatchet and is now a friendly nation. However they are still wary of any U.S. attacks on Iran and fear retaliation.

How does the Iranian nuclear issue fit in?

Iran's nuclear program was put in the crosshairs of the U.S. after it was revealed that Iran secretly enriched uranium. This process can be used to make fuel for a power plant, but also more concentrated material for a weapon.

As negotiations on Iran's nuclear program have been dragging out for years, the West has stepped up its pressure with sanctions.

Iran claims that its program is completely civilian and it has the right enrich uranium. Washington and its allies claim that Iran has always hidden key elements of its program and believes it is trying to build a nuke bomb.

Iran and six major countries including the United States agreed in 2015 to curb Tehran's nuke work in exchange for limited sanctions relief. But U.S. president Donald Trump ripped the deal up in 2018.

Trump has warned that if there's no new agreement, he will bomb the country.

Why is Israel's position on Iran important?

Israel has repeatedly called Iran its most dangerous adversary and indicated that it could strike Iran's nuclear sites.

A similar attack would require the U.S.'s consent, which could drag Washington into a war with Tehran.

Israel has been widely viewed as being behind the covert attacks against Iran's nuclear program, including Stuxnet and the assassination of scientists. Israel has not confirmed or denied this.

Since the Hamas attacks on Israel in October 2023, tensions have risen as the war in Gaza has raged.

Israel struck Iranian targets in Syria, Iraq and Syria last year. Iran's Houthi ally in Yemen launched strikes against Israel.

Iran and Israel exchanged direct fire twice with drones and missiles, highlighting the possibility of full-blown warfare.

(source: Reuters)