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EXPLAINER-Floods in Russia and Kazakhstan: How bad are they?

Here is a summary of the effect of record floods which have actually overloaded large areas of Russia and Kazakhstan:

WHICH AREAS ARE IMPACTED?

The worst hit locations in Russia are simply to the south of the Ural Mountains, about 1,200 km (750 miles) east of Moscow.

Emergencies have actually been declared in the Orenburg and Kurgan regions of the Urals and in the Tyumen area in western Siberia, which is the largest hydrocarbon basin in the world.

The Ural river, which increases in the Ural flows and mountains through Kazakhstan into the Caspian Sea, burst through embankment dams in the Urals city of Orsk on April 5 and flooded parts of the city of Orenburg.

Some areas around the Volga, Europe's longest river, have been flooded as has the Altai region of Siberia. Water levels were also rising in Tom river in the Tomsk area of Siberia.

A minimum of 12,000 individuals in Russia are recorded as having been evacuated. Authorities have stepped up mineral water supplies and Hepatitis A vaccinations were being performed in flooded areas.

In Kazakhstan, more than 97,000 people have been left. The worst hit areas mostly border Russia and are crossed by rivers streaming from or to Russia: Atyrau, Aktobe, Akmola, Kostanai, East Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan and Pavlodar areas.

The Ural flows through the significant Kazakh oil market center of Atyrau, where authorities have closed schools and mobilised countless people to strengthen river banks and construct dams.

Kazakhstan has left a variety of towns along the Ishim, a tributary of the Irtysh, which in addition to its moms and dad the Ob, forms the world's seventh longest river system. Authorities expect flooding of the Ishim and another tributary, the Tobol, to peak by April 23-25.

Water levels are expected to reach their peak near the city of Patropavlovsk, the centre of the North Kazakhstan region, on Thursday or Friday.

WHAT ARE THE FINANCIAL THREATS?

- Some of the floods have actually happened in crucial wheat producing locations of Russia, the world's greatest wheat exporter.

- Russia is also the world's second biggest oil exporter. The Orsk oil refinery in the Urals stated force majeure on fuel supply from April 8, according to a file provided by plant owner Forteinvest and seen .

It stated the plant had actually been shut to avoid eco-friendly risks and guarantee labour security. In 2015 the refinery processed 4.5 million metric lots (90,000 barrels daily) of oil.

- Over 8,000 farm animals have been killed by floods in Kazakhstan, and an unique squad has actually been deployed by the farming ministry to deal with the bodies and avoid the spread of disease.

- Hundreds of trucks carrying freights have got stuck in Kazakhstan as authorities closed roads damaged or threatened by floods.

WHY ARE THE FLOODS SO BAD?

Spring flooding belongs of life throughout the region as the extreme winter snows melt, swelling some of the magnificent rivers of Russia and Central Asia. This year, though, a combination of factors activated uncommonly extreme flooding.

Russian emergency situation officials said the soil was saturated before winter season and then frozen under extremely high snow falls which then melted very quick in swiftly rising spring temperature levels and heavy rains.

Maria Shahgedanova, a teacher of climatic science at Reading University, said wet soil going into winter season, higher-than typical snowfall and a rapid temperature rise at the start of spring discussed the scale of the flooding

Within days temperatures went from zero to 17, 18 and even 20 degrees (Celsius). And that's what triggered a really, very fast snowmelt, she said.

While the heavy snow build-up this winter season was part of regular climatic variability, she stated climate change is leading to much heavier snowfalls in the north and east of the region that the rivers circulation through which will likely trigger larger spring flooding when snows melt.

We're looking at a 7% increase in (snow) rainfall where there is one degree temperature level modification, she said.

Russia is without a doubt the world's biggest nation by acreage - about the size of the United States and Australia together. Russia's boreal forests, or taiga, cover a location about equivalent to the United States and are the largest forested locations in the world so play a crucial role on the planet's environment. In 2009 research study commissioned by the U.S. National Intelligence Council on the effect of climate modification on Russia to 2030, the authors said the increase in temperature levels would lead to a series of complicated concerns for Russia.

Amongst them were the increased frequency of extreme weather events consisting of heavy rains, fires in Siberian peatlands and more frequent flooding of Russia's Arctic rivers due to heavy rain and earlier breakup of river ice.

The paper mentioned that by 2015, there would likely be more flooding in river basins of the Archangelsk Region, the Komi Republic, the Ural area, and in the basins of Yenisei and Lena.

(source: Reuters)