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Venezuela's oil, mining and mining sector: huge potential but weak infrastructure

Venezuela's oil, mining and mining sector: huge potential but weak infrastructure
Venezuela's oil, mining and mining sector: huge potential but weak infrastructure

Here are some key facts about Venezuela's oil and mining sector, after the capture of President Nicolas Maduro by U.S. troops on Saturday.

RESERVES

Official data show that Venezuela may have the largest oil reserves in the world, but its crude production is only a fraction of what it could be due to years of mismanagement, a lack of investment, and sanctions.

According to the Energy Institute in London, Venezuela has about 17% of the global?reserves (303 billion barrels), ahead of Saudi Arabia as the leader of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, Venezuela's heavy oil reserves, located in central Venezuela, are expensive to produce but relatively simple to process.

Maduro, then acting president Delcy Rodrguez, the former vice president of Venezuela, announced in 2019 a five-year plan to boost mineral extraction and replace oil production.

Venezuelan government data released the year before used terms from the mining industry interchangeably including resource and reserve, making it hard to determine if Caracas was aware of its full mining potential.

A reserve is a volume estimate for a mineral which can be economically produced. The volume of a particular mineral in a region is called a resource, regardless of whether it can be economically extracted.

The 2018 report was published by Venezuela's Mining Ministry website as a "minerals catalogue" for investors. It estimated that coal reserves were approximately 3 billion metric tonnes and nickel reserves were 407,885 tons.

The same report also estimated gold resources of 644 metric tonnes, iron ore resources of 14.68 billion tons (while acknowledging that much of this was a speculation estimate) and bauxite reserves of 321.5 millions metric ton.

Venezuela published in 2021 a map showing mineral reserves, based on 2009 data. The map did not include the volume of reserves for antimony, copper and nickel, coltan (molybdenum), magnesium, zinc, titanium and tungsten.

It does not seem that the country has a large amount of rare earths. Rare earths are a group of 17 minor metals which is used to produce magnets to turn energy into motion. Rare earths is a subset critical minerals.

PRODUCTION

Venezuela, along with Iran, Iraq Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, was a founder member of OPEC. The country's struggle with electricity has repeatedly hindered mining and oil operations.

In the 1970s the?country produced as much as 3.5 millions barrels of crude oil per day, which represented at that time over 7% global oil production. In the 2010s, production fell below 2,000,000 bpd and reached an average of 1.1,000,000 bpd in 2012 or just 1% global output. This was about the same as the U.S. State of North Dakota.

If the developments lead to a real regime change in the end, it could result in even more oil being available on market over time. It will take some time before production recovers fully," said Arne L. Rasmussen, Global Risk Management.

Saul Kavonic, analyst at MST Marquee, says that if regime change is successful, Venezuelan exports will grow, as sanctions are lifted, and foreign investments return.

Jorge Leon, Rystad's head of geopolitical analyses, said that Libya and Iraq are clear examples.

Trump said to Fox News Saturday that the United States will be heavily involved in Venezuela's petroleum sector.

It is unclear what the operational status of mines linked to Maduro’s five-year plans are. Maduro's National Council for Productive Economy said last month that the national production of iron ore, gold and coal increased in the first quarter of 2025. However, it did not provide any figures.

Venezuela nationalized the gold sector in 2011. The government controls CVG, a maker of iron and steel.

Last October, it was reported that Venezuela had restarted its coal production. The country aims to export over 10 million metric tonnes of this mineral by 2025. The government has not yet met this target. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that Venezuela produced 100,000 tons of coal in 2019 from its 731 million tons of reserves.

In the last decade, oil has accounted for a large part of the country's mineral production, which includes nickel, bauxite and iron ore.

USGS data for 2021 shows that Venezuelan bauxite production will be 250,000 metric tonnes, down from 550,000 tons last year. Iron ore production, on a basis of iron content, was 1,41 million tons and gold production, 480 kg.

The USGS estimated that alumina production, which is refined from bauxite and used to produce?aluminium, would be down to 80,000 tons by 2021. This was down from 240,000 tons just four years ago. Aluminum production has been estimated at 20,000 tons, a drop from 144,000 tons four years earlier.

Joint Ventures

Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) was formed in 1970 when Venezuela nationalized its oil industry. (PDVSA).

Venezuela opened up the oil sector for foreign investment in the 1990s. Venezuela required that all oil projects be owned by PDVSA in majority following the 1999 election of Hugo Chavez. Exxon-Conoco left Venezuela in the 2000s, and their assets were confiscated.

PDVSA has set up joint ventures with Chevron and other companies to boost production. These include ENI, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Total, and Rosneft, a Russian company.

Maduro has threatened to issue mining licenses in 2023 in a region that is the subject of a dispute over ownership with Guyana, whose neighbor is located in this area.

Maduro’s government has supported the artisanal mining of gold in Venezuelan Amazon since at least 2016.

EXPORTS, ?REFINING

Since the introduction of the sanctions, China is now the largest buyer of Venezuelan crude oil.

Venezuela owes China about $10 billion after China became its largest lender during the late president Hugo Chavez.

Venezuela repays its loans by transporting crude in three very large carriers that were previously owned jointly by Venezuela and China.

In December, two of these supertankers approached Venezuela when Trump announced the blockade on all tankers entering and leaving the country.

According to industry sources and documents, including the monitoring service TankerTrackers.com, about a dozen oil tanks loaded with Venezuelan crude or fuel have left Venezuela's waters in apparent defiance of U.S. Government's export ban.

Trump said to Fox News Saturday that China will get the oil, without providing any further details. Russia has also lent Venezuela billions of dollar, but the exact amount remains unclear.

PDVSA owns significant refinery capacity outside of the country. This includes CITGO, which is located in the United States. However, creditors have been fighting to control it for years in U.S. courtrooms. Reporting by Marianna Paraga, Arathy Sommesekhar Dmitry Zhdannikov Ernest Scheyder Daina Beth Sool; Additional reporting by Tom Daly. Editing by Jason Neely Stephen Coates Nia Williams

(source: Reuters)