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Rights group: North Korea's sanctioned trade in coal is resurgent as UN monitoring fails,

A Seoul-based rights group reported on Tuesday that North Korea's sanctions against coal and minerals have rebounded in the absence of United Nations oversight. This has been sustained by forced labour, and a shipping network that runs through China and Russia.

In a joint report with the British research group Data Desk (Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights), the NKHR alleges that the trade has accelerated ever since Russia vetoed a renewal of an independent UN panel which monitored Pyongyang's compliance with sanctions in March 2024.

The group used satellite imagery to count large?ships in five major North Korean port and found that their number increased nearly fivefold from 783 in 2019 to 3,756 by 2025. The group counted all cargo ships with the ability to transport other goods, such as iron and weapons.

The number of vessels seen at Nampo's busiest port, and the main coal gateway, increased to over 3,000 in 2019 from just 554 the year before, which is the highest ever recorded by the group.

After the UN oversight collapsed in 2019, sanctioned ships docked at foreign ports more frequently, with 25 visits in 2018 compared to four last year.

The coal trade, it was said, is almost exclusively run by companies linked to the North Korean Ministry of National Defense. This ministry directs earnings to military and security agencies that operate the mines and prisons in the country.

Ji-yoon Lee is a co-author and said that everything was interconnected - forced labour, goods produced, and international security threats. "They're all in one group, and it is very hard to track."

According to the report, mines are occupied by political prisoners, soldiers who do not get paid, and 'descendants' of South Korean POWs who never returned to their homeland after the conflict of 1950-53. This is an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 people, bound to mine work by a caste system.

The findings were also based on 22 interviews conducted with former prisoners, North Koreans who escaped and?former government officials. The diplomatic mission of North Korea in Beijing has not responded to a request for comment.

According to Yoo Yong Won, a People's Party legislator, the UN banned North Korean coal imports in 2017. However, South Korea's National Intelligence Service estimated that North Korea still exported about 1.5 million tonnes?last?year, with its origin suspected of being?falsified as Russian?to increase sales to?China?and other buyers.

NKHR called this figure a “bare minimum,” noting that a large bulk carrier can hold about 39,000 tonnes and that 1.5 million tons is less than 40 shipments a calendar year.

(source: Reuters)