Latest News

Tea exports from India and the global supply are threatened by a dry climate

Kamini Kurmi, a picker at a tea estate in Assam (India's northeastern State), wears an umbrella over her head so that her hands are free to pluck the delicate leaves off the bushes.

Kurmi is one of many women who are employed to harvest conventional crops using their dextrous hands, rather than machines.

The extreme weather conditions are shrinking harvests in India's tea plantations. This is threatening the future of a beverage industry that has been renowned for refreshing beverages like Assam and Darjeeling. It also threatens a global market valued at over $10 billion per year.

Scientist Rupanjali Baruah of the Tea Research Association said that shifts in rainfall and temperature patterns are not longer anomalies. They are now the new norm.

The changing patterns will reduce yields, and the rising Indian domestic demand is expected to decrease exports. India is the second largest producer of tea in the world.

Indian exports could increase prices, even though other major producers like Kenya and Sri Lanka are stagnating. Last year, Indian exports accounted for 12% of the global trade.

The tea prices in Indian auctions have only grown 4.8% per year over the past three decades. This is far below the 10% growth achieved by staples like wheat and rice.

The 7.8% drop in output last year, to almost 1.3 billion kg (2.85 billion lb), mainly due to a steep fall in Assam boosted prices nearly by a fifth.

Manju Kurmi has been working in tea gardens for over 40 years. She used to pick around 110 kg (243lb) of leaf per day.

"But I'm only able to manage 60 kg (132 lb) now that the weather is hotter."

Falling yields put pressure on an already struggling industry that is also facing heavy debt and shrinking margins. This makes it harder for companies to reinvest in plantations, replace ageing bushes and develop climate-resistant varieties.

Second flush tea is prized by Assam for its aroma and flavour. It is usually more expensive than the first flush but is also particularly susceptible to heatwaves.

Long dry spells, and intense, sudden rains, are disrupting the mild, humid conditions that are critical for the tea-growing areas of the state.

Heat Strains the Cup

This weather is not only conducive to pest breeding, but also forces estate owners to use the rarely used practice of irrigation plantations. Mritunjay, the owner of a 82-year old tea estate in Assam’s Tinsukia District, explained.

The Tea Research Association reports that rainfall has decreased by more than 250 millimeters (10 inches) from 1921 to 2024. Minimum temperatures, however, have increased by 1.2 degrees Celsius (34.22 degrees Fahrenheit).

This season, Assam experienced rains that were 38% lower than average, mainly due to the monsoon.

This has helped to reduce the harvesting period, and thus the peak production season, by a few weeks, according to senior tea planter Prabhat Bezboruah.

Bezboruah stated that "the tea prices have become volatile." While they may be correcting themselves this year, a lower production in the next year's expected to push them higher.

Tea leaves become discoloured and blotched with brown spots, or even laced with tiny holes, when there are frequent, patchy rains.

The punishing heat is forcing workers to cool down under industrial fans mounted on the wall.

We must take breaks at least every 30 minutes, said

Putli Lohar has been working in tea factories for over a decade.

Once the leaves are dried, workers will crush and sift them in large barrel machines, before putting them in sacks, or hooking them onto pulleys for transport to a further processing facility.

Women wearing disposable masks, aprons, and caps inspect the tea before it is packaged and final quality checked.

Tea growers increased pesticide use and pruned trees earlier after last year's drought reduced production.

Hemant Bhangur, the chairman of India's leading tea industry association, Indian Tea Association, explained that these measures add to costs which are already increasing at an 8%-9% rate per year due to higher wages and fertiliser prices.

Planters claim that government incentives do not encourage replanting. This is crucial in Assam where older colonial tea bushes are less productive and more susceptible to weather changes as they age.

India's tea sector has thrived for almost 200 years. However, its share in global trade may fall below 12% by 2024, as a growing population increases demand.

The Indian Tea Association reports that domestic consumption has risen 23% in the last decade, to 1.2 billion kilograms (2.7 billion pounds), outpacing the production growth of 6.3%.

India's imports of tea nearly doubled in 2024, reaching a record high of 45.3 million kg (90.8 million lb) in the same year.

Executives of India's top merchants said that this adds costs for overseas buyers at a moment when competitors around the world, like Kenya, are facing similar issues.

Unnamed official from a major exporter in Kolkata, an eastern city, said that global supplies might tighten as India is also experiencing a shortage. This could finally boost world prices.

(source: Reuters)