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Why are Washington and the Middle East concerned about a proposed US/Saudi nuclear agreement?

Two sources claim that the Trump administration supports a nuclear energy agreement with Riyadh, which allows Saudi Arabia to enrich and process spent atomic material. This could worry states in the region concerned about proliferation of weapons.

Here are some of main issues:

What has happened so far?

Washington and Riyadh are discussing a deal for nuclear cooperation that would allow Saudi Arabia to access U.S. technologies and American companies to compete to win large contracts?for Saudi atomic power facilities.

Concerns about security, weapons proliferation, and political complications have always been a major concern with nuclear technology.

Saudi Arabia, like 'all signatories' to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NPT, has already agreed to accept international inspections and not develop an atomic weapon. Washington has always sought additional protections.

This week, two sources said that the Trump Administration was ready to present an agreement to Congress.

The sources claimed that the pact did not include a "gold standard", which would have prohibited Saudi Arabia from enriching or processing spent nuclear fuel, both of which could be used to make material for warheads. It also does not contain a "additional protocols" of additional international oversight.

These omissions will likely worry U.S. Middle East Allies, including Israel. They also raise questions about consistency. One of the reasons for the U.S. War on Iran in this year was the refusal of Iran to give up its enrichment programme.

Congress may also be opposed to the deal, as members have demanded stricter restrictions in the past.

Why Does Saudi Arabia Want a Nuclear Program?

Saudi Arabia, the world's biggest oil exporter, may not appear to be an obvious candidate for nuclear energy, but its Vision 2030 economic plan, led by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, aims to reduce carbon emissions and release crude for export.

In 2024, the U.S. Energy Information Administration stated that 68% Saudi electricity is generated by burning natural gas and 32% using oil. During June's peak power month, 1.4 million barrels of crude oil are used per day for power production.

The kingdom could make more money by selling oil if it used atomic power to replace some of the energy intensive water desalination systems and air conditioning. Saudi Arabia also stated that it would be forced to develop a nuclear weapon if Iran did so. This was a statement made in an apparent attempt to increase pressure on Tehran but also fueled concerns about the kingdom's own ambitions.

Many nuclear-power-producing countries do not enrich uranium domestically, relying instead ?on imported enriched uranium fuel for use in their reactors. Saudi Arabia announced in January 2025 that it would enrich its uranium, a process which can be used for military purposes as well. The goal was to produce 'yellowcake fuel' that could be sold.

What's in it for the United States?

Commercial and strategic gains could be made.

In an attempt by Trump's former Vice President Joe Biden, civil nuclear cooperation and security guarantees were important inducements in order to broker a deal between Saudi Arabia and Israel for normalizing relations. These two issues have been separated, according to a report, although a nuclear agreement could be an incentive for U.S. diplomats to work with the Kingdom. Riyadh rules out normalizing relations with Israel in the absence of a Palestinian state.

Last year, U.S. Energy Sec. Chris Wright met with Saudi Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman and stated that the two countries are on "a path" towards a civil nuclear deal. He did not mention a wider agreement over other issues, such as normalisation.

The deal would place U.S. companies in the best position to win contracts for building nuclear power plants in Saudi Arabia. It would also provide insight into the kingdom’s atomic program, which could ease any U.S. concerns over weapons proliferation.

Section 123 (U.S. Atomic Energy Act) of 1954 allows the U.S. to?negotiate with other countries agreements for significant civil nuclear collaboration.

The document specifies nine criteria that states must meet in order to prevent them from using nuclear technology to create nuclear weapons or to?transfer sensitive material to others.

The U.S. Constitution stipulates that such pacts must be reviewed by Congress.

SAUDI ARABIA HAS OPTIONS

Even at this late date, several countries that have established nuclear industries are interested in or seen as potential partners with Saudi Arabia's nucleo-technical programme. China National Nuclear Corp, a state-owned company, reportedly bid for a nuclear plant in 2023.

Rosatom, the state-owned nuclear company of Russia, which has built a reactor in Egypt, also signed a preliminary agreement with Riyadh. South Korea and France are also potential candidates, as they built reactors near the United Arab Emirates.

The choice of a partner will depend on the technological offering, financing and geopolitical alignment. This includes conditions related to nuclear energy handling.

URANIUM ENRICHMENT

The key question is whether Washington would agree to build an uranium-enrichment facility in Saudi Arabia, when that might happen, and whether Saudi personnel could have access or if it was run by U.S. personnel under a "black box arrangement".

Saudi Arabia could theoretically, without any safeguards in an agreement, use an enrichment plant to produce highly-enriched uranium. This material, when purified, can be used for bombs.

Sources told us that the proposed U.S. Saudi agreement would provide a legal path for cooperation in the nuclear fuel cycle. This includes uranium enlargement, but it does not obligate Washington to transfer technology or capabilities related to this to the Kingdom.

Then there are the diplomatic issues: Washington's closest regional ally, Israel, has consistently voiced its opposition to a Saudi nuclear civil programme.

(source: Reuters)