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How close are Turkey's Erdogan and Russia's Putin?

Here are some of the problems underpinning ties between Tayyip Erdogan and Vladimir Putin, who are set to satisfy on Wednesday in Russia on the sidelines of the top of the BRICS grouping which NATOmember Turkey has actually voiced interest in joining:

CAUTIOUS RESPECT

Relations between the long-serving Turkish and Russian presidents are often tense, however they have both rebuffed U.S. influence and in varying methods have actually shaped military conflicts from the South Caucasus to Syria and North Africa. Erdogan has stated his relationship with Putin is based on a. joint understanding, shared trust and regard. Putin has. called Erdogan a strong leader and trustworthy partner while. also stating he has not always discovered him simple to deal with. Their two nations, both with Black Sea coasts, have actually broadened. cooperation on trade, tourist and energy since Russia's. full-blown invasion of Ukraine, although Turkey has opposed. Moscow's intervention and offered Kyiv with attack drones.

Military powerhouse Russia and regional power Turkey. supported opposing sides in wars in Syria and Libya, and were. not constantly on the same page in conflicts in between Armenia and. Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh area.

In Syria, Putin backed President Bashar al-Assad while. Erdogan backed rebel fighters. To avoid the threat of direct. fight in early 2020, they struck one of a series of. ceasefire deals after 34 Turkish soldiers were eliminated in an air. strike in Idlib, where Russian jets were patrolling.

In 2019, Turkey outraged its NATO allies by purchasing Russian. S-400 rockets, air defences that the Western defence alliance. had cautioned were incompatible with its systems and a security. risk.

In action, Washington imposed sanctions on Turkey's. defence markets and ousted it from an F-35 fighter jet. program where it was a maker and purchaser.

Ankara has not used the S-400 batteries ever since, however says. they are at the all set.

ENERGY, ELECTIONS AND FOREX RESERVES

When energy rates soared with Russia's intrusion of Ukraine. in early 2022, Turkey was vulnerable as an importer of nearly. all its energy needs with an economy hit by a currency crash. that fuelled inflation and diminished its forex. reserves. Russia, Turkey's largest gas provider, tossed Ankara a lifeline. by permitting it to defer payment of gas imports until 2024, a. move that sources said covered to $4 billion in payments.

The deal assisted Turkish authorities preserve sufficient reserves. to stabilise the lira up until a May 2023 election that Erdogan. directly won. Afterwards, the currency struck brand-new lows. Just before the vote, Erdogan's challenger accused Russia of. interfering in Turkey's internal affairs and stated his celebration had. proof - without revealing any - that it was behind the. release of deep-fake online content. Both the Kremlin and Erdogan dismissed the accusation and. continued expanding energy cooperation, including at Turkey's. Akkuyu nuclear reactor. Russia's nuclear energy firm. Rosatom built the plant, the opening of which has actually been postponed. after Germany withheld crucial parts.

In 2022, Putin proposed producing a Russian gas center in. Turkey that would help it reroute exports, after European. countries suppressed imports over the Ukraine war. Turkey is negotiating the proposition and might take advantage of its. substantial gas facilities to become an alternative provider. to nations such as Bulgaria, Hungary and Moldova, with which. it signed separate handle 2023.

SANCTIONS, TRADE AND OLIGARCHS

Turkey has actually opposed sanctions on Russia and opened its doors. to Russian tourists and migrants, including oligarchs looking for. safe havens for their luxury yachts and financial investments. Russians are now. the leading foreign buyers of Turkish homes.

Bilateral trade has actually reached record levels, with Turkish. exports to Russia up 17% to $11 billion in 2023, according to. the Turkish Statistics Institute data. Ankara has faced Western accusations that Russia is obtaining. war-related goods such as chips and semiconductors through Turkey. and the United States; European nations have actually enforced sanctions. on several Turkish entities - and threatened more.

Ankara has actually said absolutely nothing that transits its area is utilized. in Russia's war in Ukraine. Previously this year, Turkish exporters to Russia faced more. payments problems. The Kremlin said it was aware of Turkish. banks tightening guidelines on Russian clients, and has actually been working. with Turkey to discover mutually appropriate solutions.

DIPLOMACY

Turkey has kept close ties with both Kyiv and Moscow, hosted. talks in between them in 2022 and positioned itself as a natural. facilitator of future peace talks.

Putin and Erdogan have actually held a number of calls and a handful of. meetings considering that the war started, contacts that supplied the Russian. president a platform alongside a NATO leader and NATO with a. trusted line to Moscow. Underscoring his balancing act with Russia and NATO, Erdogan has. declared assistance for Ukraine signing up with the military alliance but. delayed Sweden's membership bid.

Turkey's diplomacy and control of the straits connecting the. Black Sea to world markets put it at the centre of an agreement. between Russia, Ukraine and the United Nations on safe passage. of Ukrainian agriculture exports and boosted Russian exports.

The U.N. heralded Erdogan's function in co-brokering the 2022. Black Sea Grain Initiative, which it said assisted relieve world. cravings by freeing up exports of two leading international manufacturers. Putin gave up the handle July 2023, regardless of pleas by Turkey to. both sides, pointing out barriers to Russian food and fertiliser. exports and concerns about the locations of Ukrainian. grain.

In recent months, Turkey has actually likewise voiced a desire to join. the BRICS group, which originally consisted of Brazil, Russia,. India, China and South Africa, and has actually expanded to consist of. Ethiopia, Iran, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Ankara sees BRICS as an opportunity for more economic. cooperation with member states, rather than an alternative to. its Western ties and NATO subscription. Then U.S. Ambassador to Turkey Jeff Flake told Reuters in June. that while he hoped Turkey would not sign up with BRICS, such a relocation. would not change its alignment with the West.

(source: Reuters)