McGeever: Why Trump's tariffs have a lot of bark but little bite

Donald Trump's favourite word is "tariff". His continued use of the term last year sparked fear in the markets as his administration unilaterally implemented the most protectionist trade policies since 1930. The 'bark' was worse than the bite. Just over a month has passed since Trump declared "Liberation Day" and the average U.S. Tariff rate is lower in April 2025 than most feared. At just under 10% the daily effective rate of pre-substitution is still four times higher than it was at the end 2024. Tariffs are barely a factor on the financial markets. This is partly because investors are more concerned about real wars than trade wars. The economic impact of Trump’s tariffs is also not as bad as many people feared. This could be because the trade war coincided a technological boom.

Perhaps that is too simplistic.

It may be years before the full impact of the redrawing of geopolitical and trade alliances in the world is known. Unexpected negative shocks could be on the way.

The fact that STATISTICALLY INSIGNIFICANT tariffs have had a muted impact on the economy over the last year is partly explained by a simple fact: Actual levies were lower than statutory rate. This is the main argument of a Brookings Institution article by Pablo D. Fajgelbaum of the University of California, and Amit Khhandelwal of Yale University. By December of last year, 57% or so of U.S. imported goods were still duty-free. This includes the majority of goods imported from Canada and Mexico, under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).

The Trump administration is expected to announce on Wednesday it will not be extending the 32-year old North American Free Trade Zone. However, that only starts the clock for another review, as the pact does not expire until 2036.

Tariffs at the border are usually lower than headline rates due to other factors, including legal loopholes or special agreements.

China is the only major trading country that has offered a firm and sustained response to Trump's tariffs. Hyperscalers invested hundreds of billions of dollars in chips and infrastructure to boost global trade. According to the Brookings article, the net effect of tariffs has been only between minus 0.1 and plus 0.1% of GDP until December. The findings are in line with the analysis of The 'Budget Laboratory at Yale. The report estimates that tariffs will cause the U.S. to be 0.1% less prosperous in the long term, which is the equivalent of $30 billion in 2025 dollars.

Other words, statistically significant, but not at all in the near future.

Markets vs Real Economy

Try telling that to U.S. customers, who are forced to pay 90% of Trump's Tariffs. In an April Federal Reserve report, the paper found that tariffs are solely responsible for the excess inflation of core goods from January 2025. The same paper, however, also indicated that the tariff pass-through is now essentially complete. It was, in other words, a price change that happened only once, as the Trump Administration had claimed. If true, this would be good news for Americans whose personal savings rate, which has fallen to the lowest level in four years due partly to higher prices, is now below 3%.

Also, there's another side of the story. Tariffs are taxes that fall on the person who pays them. Usually, this is the consumer. They are a direct source of revenue for the government, reaching $264 billion in 2017. This is more than three times the revenue in 2024 and represents 0.83% GDP, which is the highest since over a century.

Theoretically, the revenue generated by the tax cuts or increased spending should be able to offset some of the impact on consumers.

SLOW BURN?

But investors shouldn't become complacent.

Although trade uncertainty has decreased, it is still very high. According to the Tax Foundation, the U.S. tariff policies have changed more than 50 times since Trump's second term began. There's no reason to think that this is the end, especially given Trump's willingness to use tariffs to threaten foreign policy negotiations.

Investors have mostly ignored these concerns. "Markets are actually quite disconnected from what is happening in the real economic," says Rebecca Harding, trade economist and author of "The World at Economic War", a book published at the end of last year. The cost of doing international business and the difficulty in establishing new routes will continue to rise as trade uncertainty increases.

Small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) will struggle to keep up with the demands.

It's clear that the predictions of tariff doom by many economists have been wrong, but it could be just a question of timing. Brexit is a cautionary tale. The UK economy didn't immediately crash after Britain voted to exit the European Union in 2016. 10 years later, the damage to the economy is still being felt.

It is still unclear whether the slow-burning economic impact of tariffs on the U.S. will be similar. However, it's worth asking.

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(source: Reuters)