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What is the Indus waters treaty between India & Pakistan?

What is the Indus waters treaty between India & Pakistan?

India announced that it would suspend the Indus water treaty with Pakistan immediately as part of its efforts to reduce diplomatic relations with Pakistan after militants killed 26 tourists in Kashmir.

Before New Delhi's Wednesday decision, the treaty had endured two wars between bitter rivals. It also survived many diplomatic twists and turn.

What is the INDUS WATERS TREATY?

Both nuclear-armed neighbors disagree on the use of water flowing from rivers in India that drain into the Indus River basin in Pakistan.

The Indus Waters treaty was signed in September 1960 by the neighbours after the World Bank mediated the agreement.

The agreement divided the Indus River and its tributaries and set up water sharing between the two nations. India received water from the Sutlej River, Beas River, and Ravi river, while Pakistan got the majority of the western rivers, Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab.

The treaty does not allow either party to unilaterally terminate or suspend the pact. It has a clear dispute resolution system.

What are the concerns about water?

For years, the nuclear-armed neighbors have been arguing and disputing several projects along the Indus River and its tributaries.

Pakistan's hydropower and irrigation requirements are heavily dependent on the water in this river system. India denies that India diverts water unfairly by building barrages and dams upstream. Pakistan claims this.

Pakistan is worried that India's new dams could reduce the flow of the river which supplies 80% its irrigated agricultural production. It asked for an independent expert to be appointed and then for an arbitration court intervened in two recent hydropower project.

India accuses Pakistan of prolonging the complaint process and claims that the construction of the Kishanganga hydroelectric project and Ratle is permitted under the treaty. India has sought to modify the treaty in order to avoid such delays.

What could the suspension change?

India's lack of storage capacity will not affect the flow of water into Pakistan immediately if the accord is suspended.

The Indian move could cause uncertainty in Pakistan's agriculture system.

Officials in India said that the suspension allows India to stop sharing vital information and data about floods, barrages/dams, or water releases, as well as other important issues. New Delhi is also no longer required to release minimum amounts during lean seasons.

HOW HAS PAKISTAN RESPONDED TO THIS DECISION

A statement released by Shehbaz Shaif's office on Thursday said that the treaty was a binding international accord brokered and contained no provisions for unilateral suspension.

The statement stated that any attempt to divert or stop the flow of water belonging Pakistan, as per the Indus Treaty and usurpation of rights of lower riparians will be treated as an Act of War.

The term "lower-riparian" is used to describe Pakistan's downstream position.

Ghasharib Shaokat, head of product at Pakistan Agriculture Research (PAR), called the treaty "the backbone" of the agriculture sector in Pakistan.

It puts our future agricultural on shaky grounds. Shaokat explained that if water flows are erratic the whole system is affected, especially crops dependent on irrigation, such as rice, wheat and sugarcane.

Yields may drop. Costs may rise. Prices of food would probably rise. Small-scale farmers who operate on very thin margins would be the hardest hit.

Khalid Hussain Baath - the chairman of Pakistan's national farmers union - characterized this move as one of aggression.

Baath, who is in Lahore, said: "This is war." Climate change has already caused a water crisis. The water level has already dropped 20-25% compared to last year due to the low rainfall and lack of snow this year.

(source: Reuters)