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How AI has sabotaged clean-air initiatives in one of America’s most polluted city

Barbara Johnson, an organizer for Metropolitan Congregations United in North St. Louis' mostly Black neighborhoods, has been fighting coal pollutants for decades. The group is one of many activist groups that are campaigning for cleaner pollution in a city with some of the dirtiest air in the nation.

Johnson believed that things would get better because the federal soot standard, adopted by Biden in 2024, was scheduled to take effect in 2027. This meant that plants had to reduce emissions or close. Ameren Labadie Energy Center, one of the region's largest polluters, would have been forced to reduce its soot emission by half in order to remain in business. Johnson's hopes were dashed in February when the Trump administration, under President Donald, scrapped the standards prior to their implementation as part of an effort to ensure that the grid could meet the surge in demand from data centres. She wonders now if she will ever see the changes that she has been fighting for from her youth.

Johnson, 75, said: "You take two steps forward and four steps back." "I'm used to this backwards tendency, but how many generations before these positive changes become permanent?" Trump's rollbacks on AI are a reversal of U.S. environment policy, and a painful reality for America's environmental activists. After years of pushing coal to the sidelines, the rise in power-hungry power centers has pushed the most polluting source of electricity back onto the stage. Trump issued a presidential executive order titled "Reinvigorating America’s Beautiful Clean Coal Industry", which stated that coal-fired energy was essential to meet the increase in electricity demand caused by the construction artificial intelligence data centers. Since then, he has provided funding for old plants to continue operating, issued orders delaying plant retirements and rolled back the environmental regulations regarding mercury and other toxic substances to save plants from expensive upgrades.

In an email statement, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency stated that affordable baseload energy, including coal, was essential to keep the lights on in American homes and heat them. "EPA is dedicated to ensuring that all Americans have clean air, regardless of their race, gender or creed."

U.S. Department of Energy predicts artificial intelligence and the growth of data centers will generate 50 gigawatts of electricity by 2030. This is a nearly 4 percent increase over the 1,300 gigawatts of electricity produced by U.S. power stations in 2025.

For this article, we interviewed 20 air-quality activists and health-advocates. All of them agreed that the AI boom and policies supporting it are the greatest threat to U.S. Air Quality due to the need for energy from dirty sources such as coal. According to EPA data, over the last decade, the number U.S. coal power plants that provide energy for the grid and other 'industrial operations' has dropped from 400 to 200. This pace of growth has now slowed dramatically.

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, only four plants with a combined capacity of 2.6 gigawatts will be retired in 2025, while 94 plants that produced 15 gigawatts did so in 2015. This is because the DOE issued an emergency order keeping these plants online. Farmers, environmentalists, and homeowners are united in their opposition to data-center expansion, out of fear for the impacts. These include higher power bills, reduced water supply, or even a liability for Republicans during November's midterm elections. Trump has secured voluntary agreements with big tech companies that will pay for their power requirements and shield American consumers against higher bills. However, his administration has yet to announce steps to address health effects from increased pollution.

According to interviews and data from the government, St. Louis is likely to be one of the U.S. Cities most affected by regulatory rollbacks. This is primarily because it has poor air quality, and its proximity to the massive?Labadie facility.

According to the Air Quality Index of the EPA, only one third of the time in the past year did metro St. Louis residents breathe "good" quality air. St. Louis ranked 475th out of 501 large and small U.S. metropolitan areas in terms of air quality. According to EPA and scientific studies, the Labadie Energy Center has a major contribution.

According to EPA statistics, the plant is a sprawling facility located around 40 miles west of the city. It produces the most sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxidation among U.S. Coal Plants.

According to an analysis of the EPA’s Co-Benefits Risk Assessment tool (COBRA), pollution costs up to $5.5 billion per year. Residents of St. Louis are responsible for about $820 millions of these costs.

COBRA measures the cost of health care, such as hospital visits, and how much people are willing to collectively pay for cleaner air, which lowers their risk of dying prematurely.

The analysis was shown to two experts outside the company - Bryan Hubbel a senior researcher at the non-profit group Resources for the Future, and John Graham a scientist with the environmental research group Clean Air Task Force. Both agreed that the figures were correct.

Ameren Corp., the utility based in St. Louis that owns Labadie, has not contested the analysis of EPA data.

Ameren stated that the plant is operating within federal pollution limits. Ameren says Labadie's operation will continue for another decade, as the demand for artificial intelligence-driven data centres outpaces cleaner energy.

Craig Giesman said that Ameren employees "live here, raise their families here, and rely on energy like our neighbors." "This is only one of the many reasons why we are committed to operating responsibly, protecting public health, and providing reliable power, especially during times when it's most needed."

The EPA declined comment on a COBRA analysis, but stated that it is updating its cost-benefit modelling tools.

According to a scientific study conducted by researchers from the University of Washington, and published last year in the Journal of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology, St. Louis was the city that would be most affected by the delay of tougher standards for U.S. coal plant emissions. Biden's regulation could have forced Labadie, to remain in operation, to reduce its soot emission by over half. According to EPA's cost-benefit analysis for 2023, these soot limitations would have resulted in net benefits to public health of up to $3 billion by 2037.

Since then, the EPA has reversed its course. The agency said that the estimates of the Biden administration were exaggerated and that current standards provide an "ample margin of safety" to protect public health.

St. Louis Clean Air activists have a different perspective.

Darnell Tingle is the director of United Congregations of Metro-East - another activist network. "We're trying to prepare our communities for these data centres and minimize their impact on them."

Cheap Power

North St. Louis' predominantly Black neighborhoods already have some the worst air pollution in the city. According to an analysis of data tracked and analyzed by the EPA, tiny particles of soot that can penetrate the brain or lungs regularly exceed federal safety standards in North St. Louis. This is due to pollution from industrial sources, as well as pollution from nearby highways, and rail operations.

According to the NAACP 78% of African Americans reside within 30 miles of coal-fired plants, compared with 56% of white non-Hispanics. According to a study published in Environmental Science & Technology, soot pollution caused by power plants kills African Americans 25% more than the average.

The logic is that the United States needs cheap electricity. If you consider the increase in healthcare costs in the St. Louis region, this isn’t cheap," said Patricia Schuba. Schuba runs a local environment group that monitors Labadie, as well as three other coal-fired plants.

Ameren was forced to upgrade Labadie due to stricter pollution standards. Ameren upgraded Labadie about a decade back to meet the Obama-era limits on soot.

Ameren, in a letter to the EPA requesting an exemption for March 2025, said that older controls would have had to be retrofitted on the remaining boilers. Ameren refused to answer any questions regarding the cost of upgrading the plant.

As developers begin to build major data centers around St. Louis and the region, regional electricity demand is increasing.

Ameren said that it had signed service contracts for an additional 2.3 Gigawatts in peak demand potential from data centers, roughly equivalent to the Labadie Plant's output. It also stated that there are more requests coming. Amazon Web Services has proposed a 1,000-acre data center project in rural Montgomery County about 55 miles away from Labadie. Ameren would provide the power.

Amazon has declined to comment.

Data Center Coalition, the trade group for the data center industry, said that its members were among the largest purchasers of clean power but that utilities and grid operators ultimately are responsible for what consumers use.

The data center industry has a strong interest in supporting the development of a 21st century electrical grid. However, it is important to remember that decisions about resource planning and generation are made by grid operators and policymakers and not large load users like data centers.

(source: Reuters)