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Wildfires are fuelled by climate change in Europe

In the past month, wildfires have ravaged hotspots across several Mediterranean countries. The blazes forced thousands to lockdown in Catalonia, Spain and even encroached on Marseille, France's second largest city.

What is driving wildfires in Europe and what has happened so far this season?

How bad is it this year?

According to the European Forest Fire Information System, wildfires have burned 227,000 hectares since the start of the year. This is more than twice the average over the last two decades.

Although it is above average, the EFFIS records go back to 2002. Europe experienced particularly bad fire seasons between 2003 and 2017 when more than 110,000 hectares of land was burned in each year. This is equivalent to the size of Jamaica.

The fire season will determine if 2025 is a record-breaking year.

EFFIS reported that the number of fires has also increased in Europe this year. As of July 8, there were 1,118 fires, compared to 716 during the same period in last year.

The heatwaves that swept Europe this month ignited fires all around the Mediterranean. This includes in Syria where, according to U.N., more than 3% the forest cover of the country has been destroyed by fire. Wildfires in Greece's Evia and Crete forced thousands to flee their homes this month.

While Europe has seen an increase in fires this year, the scientists who have been observing them say that, while they are destructive, the fires in the Mediterranean area have so far remained relatively isolated.

WHAT IS DRIVING THEM?

Scientists claim that the Mediterranean region is at a high risk for wildfires because of its hotter and drier summers. Fires can spread quickly and out of control in the Mediterranean region due to its dry vegetation.

Climate change increases this risk by creating hotter, drier conditions. This has led to fire seasons starting earlier, causing more land to be burned, and breaking records in terms of intensity.

Since pre-industrial times, greenhouse gas emissions, mostly from the burning of coal, oil, and gas, has heated up the earth by about 1.3°C. According to the World Meteorological Organization, Europe has warmed twice as much as the global average in the last 30 years.

Heatwaves are also more common due to climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations panel of climate scientists worldwide, has confirmed this.

Rest of Summer

The countries are preparing themselves for more intense fires. EFFIS forecasts warmer-than-average temperatures across Europe in August. This means that fire danger will continue to be high throughout much of Southern and Eastern Europe.

EFFIS stated that while Southern Europe will likely see normal rain patterns in August, the rest of Europe could be dryer than usual. This could increase the risk of fires in other areas. The governments are trying to adapt. Greece has gathered a record number of 18,000 firefighters in anticipation for severe fires. The government said that they have adapted their firefighting techniques and patrols to try to detect fires sooner and limit damage.

Forest management is another factor that increases fire risk. As people migrate to the cities, rural populations are shrinking in countries like Spain. This has left fewer workers to clear vegetation to prevent forest fires from accumulating fuel.

The U.N. has called on governments to focus more on prevention than just responding to fires that have already broken out. It has also warned that climate changes are expected to increase global extreme fires by as much as 14% by the year 2020.

The U.N. stated that fire prevention includes setting controlled flames before the summer season to remove fuels on which blazes feed, as well as restoring peatland and wetlands ecosystems.

(source: Reuters)