Latest News
-
PMI: UAE non-oil industry grows steadily as regional tensions impact demand
A survey on Thursday showed that the UAE's private non-oil sector grew steadily during June, even though regional tensions affected demand and firms increased output to clear backlogs. The S&P Global UAE Purchasing managers' Index (PMI), which is a seasonally-adjusted index, increased to 53.5 from 53.3 in June, indicating continued growth for the sector. However, new orders grew at their slowest rate in almost four years. The subindex of new orders dropped to 54.5 from 56.2 in may, the lowest reading since Sept. 2021. The tensions between Israel, Iran and other countries dampened demand. David Owen, senior economic analyst at S&P Global Market Intelligence, said that the impact of the conflict in Israel and Iran is mostly felt on demand, with some slowed down orders. Owen stated that the impact of this on business conditions overall was minimal. As firms reduced backlogs, output growth increased. The supply chain continues to face challenges, as delivery times improve at their slowest pace for 14 months and input costs rise at the slowest growth rate in two years. The survey found that non-oil companies in the UAE remained subdued about their business outlook despite the fact that the level of confidence has risen to its highest levels since November. Dubai's headline PMI fell to its lowest level for nearly four years, to 51.8 in June from 52.9 in the previous month. This was due to a sharp decline in sales growth amid competition pressures and weaker tourist numbers. Business activity increased sharply and the number of employees increased for a third consecutive month. (Reporting and Editing by Hugh Lawson).
-
PMI data shows that Saudi Arabia's growth in the non-oil sectors accelerated in June due to strong demand.
A survey released on Thursday showed that the expansion of Saudi Arabia's private non-oil sector activity increased in May due to a strong client demand as well as a spike in hiring. The Riyad Bank Saudi Arabia Purchasing Managers' Index, which is adjusted for season, rose from 55.8 in May to 57.2 this month. This puts it above the 50 point line that indicates growth. The subindex rose to 64.3 from 62.5 in may, indicating a rapid acceleration in new order growth. This upturn was primarily driven by domestic sales, which were supported by client acquisitions that went well and improved marketing strategies. Export sales were marginally up. "Firms have largely attributed the improvement in activity to improved sales, new projects starting, and better conditions for demand, even though the pace of growth was slower than previous highs," Naif Al Ghaith said, chief economist at Riyad Bank. Private non-oil companies have hired more staff than ever since May 2011 as they expand their teams to handle increased workloads. The input prices rose as well, in line with the trend of the second quarter, which led firms to pass higher costs on to their customers. The output prices rose strongly, marking the biggest increase in over a year and a half, after months of declines. The survey revealed that despite cost pressures, Saudi firms in the non-oil sector remained confident about the future. In fact, the Future Output Index reached a record high of two years. The resilient economic conditions in Saudi Arabia and robust demand boosted confidence. The International Monetary Fund increased its forecast of Saudi Arabia's GDP growth in 2025 to 3.5%, from 3%. This was partly due to the demand for government-led initiatives and the OPEC+ plan to gradually end oil production cuts. Hugh Lawson, Editor (Reporting)
-
RightBridge Ventures Agrees Reverse Takeover of Swemar
RightBridge Ventures Group has announced a proposed reverse acquisition of Swemar, which has entered into an agreement to acquire an offshore oil service company with operations across the Middle East, India, and South-East Asia.The company to be acquired by Swemar operates a fleet comprising Anchor Handler Tug Supply (AHTS) vessels and crew transportation vessels. It owns three vessels outright and operates an additional five to ten vessels under charter or management agreements.The acquisition marks a strategic first step toward establishing a strong maritime presence in Asia. It will provide RightBridge with a robust technical and operational platform, with the potential for further expansion into other segments of the maritime industry.The acquisition is immediately accretive, with an estimated EBITDA contribution of $11 million over the next 12 months, based on fixed employment contracts with blue-chip clients such as Saipem, NMDC Group, Larsen & Toubro, Aramco, and others.The transaction is firm from the seller’s side and conditional only on the buyer, subject to standard due diligence processes, which are currently underway.It is planned to be finalized in the third quarter of 2025 and is expected to have a positive impact on RBV’s EBITDA result for the 2025 financial year. The acquisition price will be announced in connection with the closing of the transaction.The acquisition will not change the price or the terms for the transaction with Right Bridge Ventures Group, the company noted.“This acquisition is the first step towards creating a strong maritime presence in Asia. It will provide us with a solid maritime technical and operational platform, with scope for expansion into other sectors of the maritime market.“The acquisition is convincingly accretive for RightBridge. Together with our ownership in U.S.-based shipbuilding and defense related industries we strive to become a full-service defense and maritime company with global operations,” said Dagfinn Lunde, newly appointed Chairman of RightBridge Ventures.
-
OEG to Assist with Inch Cape Offshore Wind Farm Buildout
Energy solutions business OEG has signed a significant multi-million-dollar contract to support the construction phase of the Inch Cape offshore wind farm in Scotland, being developed by ESB and Red Rock Renewables.Over 100 OEG personnel will support the delivery of this contract, which includes the recent addition of six new appointments.The 1.1 GW project is located in the North Sea, 15 km from the Angus coast on a site covering 150 km2. It is set to become operational in 2027.Once completed, it will feature up to 72 wind turbines and an offshore substation and generate enough clean energy to power the equivalent of more than half the homes in Scotland.Scottish Inch Cape Offshore Wind Farm Reaches Financial CloseUnder the terms of the contract, OEG will supply an integrated package of specialist topside and marine services including marine coordination, high voltage and ancillary port services.These will all be managed under a central project team and delivered from the company’s new flagship facility in Edinburgh.OEG will also operate up to ten vessels, seven guard vessels for on location round-the-clock safety and three crew transfer vessels to support offshore wind technicians working at the wind farm.Furthermore, the firm will provide a comprehensive allocation of metocean sensors and navigation buoys, as well as any additional support equipment as required.“As we enter the project’s critical offshore construction phase it is vital to have trusted and experienced suppliers, so we welcome OEG’s integrated support during this next stage of the project,” said John Hill, Inch Cape’s Project Director.
-
Prices of copper remain near their multi-month highs due to supply constraints and US tariff fears
The London Metal Exchange (LME) and Shanghai Futures Exchange (SFE) both held copper near its highest level since late March. This was due to concerns about a tight supply in the region and an increase in shipments to the U.S., as traders rush to avoid potential import tariffs. As of 0103 GMT the LME's three-month copper contract was unchanged at $10,05 per metric tonne, but it hovered close to its highest level since March 26. The SHFE's most traded copper contract gained 0.27%, to 80,840 Yuan ($11285.77). This is its highest level since March 27. The United States may decide to deal with the copper tariff later. This has given traders more time to transport copper to the United States, when prices are higher. U.S. Comex Copper Futures climbed 2% on Wednesday to $5.199 per pound, with a premium of 14% over the LME copper contracts. The total copper stock in LME registered warehouses is still near its lowest level since August 2023 despite a small rebound over the past two days. Stocks have fallen 76% since the middle of February, due to cargoes being rushed into the United States after its investigation on copper imports. SHFE lead rose 0.7%, to 17,290 Yuan per ton. Zinc was up 0.7%, at 22,370 Yuan. Nickel climbed 0.6%, to 121550 Yuan. Aluminium edged higher by 0.2%, to 20,710 Yan. LME lead rose 0.2% to $2.064.5 per ton. Nickel climbed 0.15% to $15.325, tin grew 0.15% to $33,765, aluminium slid 0.1% to $2.622.5 and zinc fell 0.11% at $2.754.5. Click or to see the latest news in metals, and other related stories. DATA/EVENTS - (GMT 0750 France HCOB Services Composite PMI 060755 Germany HCOB Services Composite Final pmi 060800 EU HCOB Services Composite Final pmi 0830 UK Reserve Assets June 0830 US Non Farm Payrolls Unemployment Rate Average Earnings YY Jun 1230 US International trade $ May 1400 US Factory orders MM May1400 US ISM N Manufacturing PMI june
-
Investors wait for US payroll data to get Fed policy clues
Investors held off on making large bets as they awaited the U.S. Payroll data that would be released later in the day to get a better idea of the Federal Reserve’s policy direction. As of 0211 GMT spot gold fell 0.3% per ounce to $3346.47, while U.S. Gold Futures edged up 0.1% to $3357.20. OANDA Senior Market Analyst Kelvin Wong stated that gold appears to be consolidating in the $3,320-$3,360 range. The market is waiting to see what happens with U.S. Non Farm Payroll data and ISM Services' PMI before taking any significant positions. ADP released data showing that private payrolls in the United States fell by 33,000 positions in June. This was the first drop in over two years as economic uncertainty hindered hiring. Low layoffs continue to stabilize the labour market. Investors await the non-farm payrolls data on Thursday. According to a survey, it is expected that 110,000 new jobs were added in June, compared to 139,000 in May. On Wednesday, Donald Trump, president of the United States, announced that the U.S. would impose a 20% tariff, which is lower than what was promised, on a variety of goods coming from Vietnam. The Southeast Asian country is the U.S. tenth largest trading partner. Wong stated that "the Vietnam trade deal is likely to have already been priced in the market. I think now the primary concern is the status other deals with major countries which are still in limbo," The U.S.-India negotiators worked to reach a deal that would reduce tariffs before Trump's deadline of July 9. Trump did not indicate that he would extend the deadline for negotiations despite stalled talks with Japan, another important trade partner. However, he expressed optimism regarding an India agreement. Gold that does not yield tends to do well in an environment of economic uncertainty or low interest rates. Silver spot fell by 0.6%, to $36.37 an ounce. Platinum lost 1.5%, to $1397.91, and palladium dropped 1.4%, to $1138.73. (Reporting and editing by Sumana Aich and Rashmi Nandy, Bengaluru)
-
China's North and West on Alert after Deadly Floods Caused by Sweeping Rains
China's west and north were braced on Thursday for flash floods, as the annual "Plum Rains" left a path of destruction. This prompted thousands of rescue workers from across China to help pull people out of floodwaters. The red alerts traced the rains from the southwest province of Sichuan, through the northwestern provinces of Gansu and Liaoning to the northeast province. The state media reported that over 1,000 rescue workers had been dispatched on Wednesday to the town Taiping, in central China's Henan Province, after torrential rainfall caused a river nearby to burst it banks. Five people were killed in a flash flooding and three others are still missing. On Thursday morning, trains to the capital Beijing were suspended. Flight delays and cancellations occurred at one of the airports in the city late Wednesday night and early Thursday morning. Meteorologists have linked climate change to extreme rainfall and severe floods. These events pose a major challenge to policymakers, as they threaten to overwhelm the ageing flood defences and displace millions. They also threaten to wreck havoc on China’s $2.8 trillion agriculture sector. Natural disasters caused economic losses of over $10 billion in July last year, during which the "Plum Rains" - so named because they coincide with plums maturing along China's Yangtze River at the time of the East Asia Monsoon – usually reach their peak. Local media reported that in China's southwest province of Guangxi several buildings have slid over the past two days as their foundations gave out due to waterlogged soil. The national meteorological center forecasts scorching heat along eastern coast of the country.
-
Oil drops on signs of weak US Demand ahead of Key Jobs Report
On Thursday, oil prices fell, reversing the gains of the previous session. This was due to concerns about weak U.S. Demand after data from the government showed an unexpected build-up in inventories. Brent crude futures dropped 24 cents or 0.35% to $68.87 per barrel at 0044 GMT, after rising 3% on Tuesday. U.S. West Texas Intermediate Crude fell 24 cents or 0.36% to $67.21 per barrel, after previously rising 3.1%. Energy Information Administration reported on Wednesday that domestic crude stocks rose by 3.8 millions barrels, to 419,000,000 barrels. In a poll, analysts had predicted a drop of 1.8 millions barrels. The gasoline demand fell to 8,6 million barrels a day, causing concern about the consumption during peak summer driving in the United States. The benchmarks rose on Wednesday, after Iran passed a law that suspended cooperation with the U.N. Nuclear Watchdog. This sparked fears the long-running dispute over Middle East producer Iran's nuclear program could once again escalate into an armed conflict. The U.S. reached a deal with Vietnam that imposes 20% tariffs on most of the Southeast Asian nation's exports. This gives investors a feeling of economic stability in international trade, which could lead to a higher demand for crude oil. Analysts said that the market will closely monitor the release of Thursday's key U.S. employment report to determine the timing and depth of Federal Reserve interest rate reductions in the second half this year. Lower interest rates may spur economic activity and, in turn, increase oil demand. Analysts cautioned that there was no correlation between the private payrolls report and government data. (Reporting and editing by Christian Schmollinger; Nicole Jao)
Unique REPORT-Is climate change lighting a fuse under Iceland's volcanoes?
T oxic sulphurous gas, carrying the telltale reek of rotten eggs, wafted through vents in the high walls of Iceland's Viti crater, while carbon dioxide bubbled to the surface of the milky blue crater lake. Veils of steam wreathed the landscape of loose rock in eerie halflight.
Through this prohibiting surface-- Viti is derived from the Icelandic for hell-- Michelle Parks, a volcanologist with the Icelandic Meteorological Office, selected her method towards the water's edge one day last August. With a screen strapped to her hip to warn her if the gases reached harmful levels, she stooped to submerge a temperature probe in the lake-- 26.4 degrees Celsius (79.5 degrees Fahrenheit), constant with recent readings.
That was assuring, a minimum of for the time being. The crater was formed when Askja, a volcano in Vatnajokull National forest in Iceland's central highlands, uncorked in an explosive eruption in 1875. Askja's last eruption, in 1961, was milder, and for decades after, the volcano was quiet. But in 2021, Parks and other scientists keeping tabs on it were shocked to find that in simply a few months, the volcano had actually quickly expanded, uplifting by 11 centimetres (4.3 inches). This phenomenon, called inflation, takes place when lava or pressurised gases build up under a volcano, pressing the ground upwards and outwards.
In the three years since, Askja's bloat has reached about 80 cm (32 inches). That uplift, scientists approximate, is the outcome of 44 million cubic metres (1.6 billion cubic feet) of magma flowing into the existing reservoir around three km (2 miles). below the surface area.
Volcanologists have actually established a correlation between lava. buildup under a volcano and subsequent eruption. But they do not. understand precisely just how much lava is required to assist trip an eruption. That is why Parks and her associates are closely keeping an eye on the. temperature level and acidity of Viti's crater lake. A jump in either,. suggesting that more gases are pressing in from below, would. suggest the volcano is moving closer to an eruption. So far,. those metrics have stayed stable, but the researchers viewing. Askja do not take that for approved.
An eruption could be catastrophic, though smaller sized ones are. a lot more most likely. On the scale volcanologists utilize to determine the. size of explosive eruptions, Askja is capable of one equivalent. to that of Mount St. Helens in the U.S. state of Washington in. 1980, although its eruptive design would differ. That eruption,. which stimulated the Australia-born Parks' long-lasting enthusiasm for. volcanoes, released a force equivalent to 25,000 Hiroshima-type. atomic bombs.
The goal of the volcano observatory at the Icelandic. Meteorological Office is to keep track of the country's volcanoes for. modifications in activity, like those now observed at Askja, assisting. to protect the country's nearly 400,000 people and the hordes. of foreign tourists who check out every year to take pleasure in Iceland's. world-renowned geothermal attractions.
Nevertheless, the team's work has taken on more comprehensive significance. In 2015, Parks and colleagues with the University of Iceland. gotten government financing for a pioneering research task. throughout 12 organizations to check a theory that could have dire. implications not just for Iceland, but for every person on the. world: Whether the rapid retreat of glaciers as an outcome of. human-caused environment change will set off increased volcanic. activity.
The fundamental process underpinning the concept is simple. The. significant weight of glaciers and ice sheets can tamp down. volcanoes. When the ice retreats, the down pressure on the. planet's thin outer crust and much thicker underlying mantle. eases, permitting the ground to rebound. This change in pressure. spurs dynamic forces below volcanoes to produce more magma and. modify its motion, affecting eruptions.
Iceland is basically one of the very best places worldwide. to study this ... because we have both volcanism and glaciers,. Parks stated. At the end of the day, what we're aiming for with. this task is a much larger image. It's the future of. volcanic eruptions. How large can they be? ... And what remains in shop. for us in the future, not just in Iceland however for the rest of. Europe and possibly farther afield.
UNCORKING CATACLYSM
What researchers already understand of Iceland's eruptive history. supports the theory.
When the thick glaciers and ice caps that had covered the. North Atlantic island during the last significant Glacial epoch receded. between about 15,000 and 10,000 years back, underlying volcanoes. responded with fury. In 2002, scientists determined modifications in. Iceland's volcanic activity with time by evaluating the chemical. structure of lava rock samples. They found that eruption rates. rose an approximated 30 to 50 times during and quickly after the. ice loss compared to the preceding Ice Age and current times.
It was likely a catastrophic situation, with a ludicrous. amount of eruptions, Parks said, as rivers of lava improved the. island and ash rained into surrounding seas. Askja, too,. signed up a significant explosive eruption throughout this time.
When again, researchers state, the elements required to set off. another surge in eruptions are converging. Glaciers now cover. simply 10% of Iceland, however that ice still weighs on over half. the country's 34 active volcanic systems, and it is quickly. melting as international temperature levels climb. In the previous 130 years,. Iceland's glaciers have actually lost about 16% of their volume, with. half of that in just the past 3 years. Researchers anticipate. approximately half of the staying volume will be passed this. century's end.
Already, the magma chambers underneath Iceland might be. responding to the loss of ice, and not just those straight under. glaciers. Askja, which has been free of ice for 10,000 years,. and much of Iceland are rebounding due to the fact that pressure changes from. glacial retreat affects big parts of the Earth's crust and. mantle.
Over the last 3 years, magma has actually been produced below. Iceland at a rate 2 to 3 times what it would have been without. the ice loss, according to preliminary modelling results from. Parks' project shared exclusively with Reuters. More magma is. can be found in below Iceland, and we simply do not require it, Parks. said. We have actually got enough.
Researchers very first theorised in the 1970s that melting ice. may impact volcanic eruptions. However just recently have they. started to comprehend the scale of the potential risk. Four. years ago, volcanologists compiled the initially detailed. global database of volcanoes under ice or within five km (three. miles) of it, releasing their findings in the journal Global. and Planetary Change. They discovered that some 245 active or. potentially active volcanoes around the globe met the criteria,. from the Andes to The United States and Canada's Waterfall Mountains and Alaska,. to Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula and Antarctica.
The exact same research study likewise found that about 160 million people live. within 100 km (62 miles) of at least one of those volcanoes and. that 20,000 individuals are within the immediate area. Numbers. like that underscore the hazard if glacial melt were to press. more volcanoes to pop off, releasing deadly floods and mud. circulations and spewing huge clouds of ash and lethal gases into the. atmosphere.
The impacts would not end there. Eruptions abundant in carbon. dioxide, a greenhouse gas, could exacerbate international warming,. outlasting the sulphur aerosols in the environment that can cause. initial durations of cooling. And the volcanoes now understood to sit. under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet might help speed ice melt. into the ocean, raising sea levels.
Evidence suggests that what occurred in Iceland after the. last Glacial epoch was duplicated to a lower extent all over the world. Eruptions were between 2 and 6 times greater internationally between. 12,000 and 7,000 years ago owing to more regular eruptions in. areas that were losing their ice cover, according to a 2009. research study in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
A VIOLENT HISTORY
Iceland is uniquely primed for frequent volcanic eruptions. because of its location at the juncture of 2 tectonic plates. that are pulling apart over an upwelling of anomalously hot. material in the Earth's mantle. Many smaller sized eruptions have. little effect beyond their immediate vicinity, though they are. still able to put on incredible shows. Others can have deadly. effects far beyond Iceland.
When Laki, southwest of Askja, erupted in 1783-84, the. fluorine it expelled polluted the island's plants and water. sources, killing majority of Iceland's livestock. This. farming collapse resulted in a famine that eliminated around a fifth. of the island's human population, while the resulting haze of. sulphurous fog that later on reached Europe may have added to. the deaths of thousands more people. And as far as Africa. and Asia, the eruption's results compromised monsoons, starting. more scarcities.
Near the southern coast under a little ice cap lies Katla,. considered one of the world's most dangerous volcanoes under. ice. Katla has actually racked up more than 20 eruptions because the Middle. Ages, balancing one every 60 years, and it is overdue for. another, having last erupted in 1918. Throughout that eruption, heat. putting from Katla's caldera rapidly melted the ice atop the. volcano, releasing a torrent of water higher than the integrated. discharges of the Amazon, Mississippi, and Yangtze rivers at its. peak. And, like Laki, Katla has explosive potential.
The time for Katla to emerge is coming close ... It is high. time for European federal governments and airline authorities all over. Europe and the world to begin planning for the ultimate Katla. eruption, then-Icelandic President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson informed. BBC News in 2010, following the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull. The ash cloud from that eruption caused EUR1.3 billion (US$ 1.4. billion) in losses from cancelled flights throughout a six-day. European airspace restriction, making it the world's costliest eruption. in the last century.
The Icelandic federal government has emergency plans in place for a. Katla-style eruption and works with regional police districts to. produce near-term threat evaluations for other volcanoes.
However the government has actually also tapped its intense structure to. its benefit, utilizing it to heat homes and companies and draw. big-spending travelers to renewing geothermal baths. After. the Eyjafjallajökull eruption, the Icelandic federal government made. volcanoes a pillar of a now multibillion-dollar tourist. industry. Keepsake stores in the capital, Reykjavik, offer lava. rocks from a recent eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula for. 2,000 Icelandic krona (US$ 14) apiece.
SEEING YOUR PALS VANISH
Like many Icelanders, 29-year-old Iris Ragnarsdottir. Pedersen and her daddy, 62-year-old Ragnar Frank Kristjansson,. have an intimate understanding of the extremes of their land of ice. and fire. Along the south coast in Svinafell, Ragnarsdottir. Pedersen, a mountain guide, lives with her hubby and their. Icelandic sheepdog, Blika. Her father, a retired national forest. manager, has a small turf-roofed summer house next door. Overlooking them is a large cliff, beyond which lies. Vatnajokull ice cap and, under it, the volcano Oraefajokull. After Oraefajokull emerged in 1362, sailors reported seaborne. pumice floating in such masses that ships could hardly make. their way through it.
Father and child both remember signing up with fellow Icelanders. throughout the years to admire the glowing fountains and rivers of. lava produced by eruptions. They also recognize with the. impact of environment modification.
For 25 years, Kristjansson has actually volunteered as a glacier. monitor with the Icelandic Glaciological Society, tracking the. retreat of 2 glaciers that flow out of the Vatnajokull ice. cap, the nation's biggest. Every fall, he treks for hours to. among the glaciers, Skeidararjokull, to take measurements that. he sends to the Icelandic Meteorological Office. It's a lonely. walk toward the glacier-- 15 km in the black sand, he stated.
Kristjansson utilized to be able to stride right approximately the edge. of Skeidararjokull. However as it has rapidly diminished over the past. years, a lake has actually formed at the foot of the glacier, obstructing. his way. He now has to utilize unique binoculars to determine the. range. This year, he said, one point along the glacier's edge. showed a retreat of 300 metres (984 feet), which is the greatest. he has actually taped.
Ragnarsdottir Pedersen has actually experienced the retreat from year. to year on treks to the glaciers with her dad and by simply. looking out her windows. It's simply devastating to see, she. stated. I have actually in some cases said to people, 'It resembles watching your. buddies vanish.'
As a child, she understood Oraefajokull prowled under the. Vatnajokull ice cap. But it only ended up being a concern when the. volcano started rumbling in 2017, just as she and her hubby. started planning to build their home near it. When she felt the. earthquakes and caught the smell of sulphur from the rivers, she. said, You're like, 'Oh yeah, we actually have this powerful,. rather hazardous volcano right above our home.'
Ultimately, she and her partner weren't worried enough to. cancel the relocation, having faith that researchers would closely. keep track of the volcano for any risk. People have resided in. Svinafell considering that the settlement of Iceland, she said.
A CLINICAL CAPITAL
Oraefajokull is one of 6 active volcanoes covered by the. Vatnajokull ice cap. As Vatnajokull has actually thinned and retreated,. some of the volcanoes below it, as well as close-by Askja, have. become agitated. Oraefajokull has relaxed considering that its 2017. awakening. Grimsvotn and Bardarbunga, 2 volcanoes under the. ice cap that are being assessed in Parks' task, have together. notched 5 eruptions in the previous thirty years, compared to just. one under the ice cap in the preceding 40 years.
Parks and her clinical associates said it's too early to. conclude that the increased activity under Vatnajokull is linked. to rapid loss of ice cover. Other scientists have actually developed. that clusters of eruptions can occur in natural cycles under the. ice cap. But to determine whether climate modification might also be. playing a part, they will have to collect more data on ice. retreat and lava generation and feed it into complicated computer system. designs.
Due to the fact that of its continuing unrest, Askja is the main draw for. scientists, who flock to its huge calderas when Iceland's. brief summer allows for field research study. Like most of Iceland's. volcanoes, Askja does not conform to the stereotypical cone. shape of volcanoes such as Japan's iconic Mount Fuji. Instead,. fissures snake across a vast Mars-like landscape carpeted. with lava rocks and pockmarked with craters from past eruptions.
To reach the centrepiece of the Askja system, an. 11-square-km (four sq miles) caldera lake called Oskjuvatn,. researchers journey hours across the highlands in Super Jeeps and. Land Rovers balanced on 35-inch tires. Oskjuvatn was formed in. an explosive 1875 eruption that shot out big volumes of airy. pumice, much of it still covering the location around Askja, with. fist-sized portions tossed about by strong winds.
Above the lava tank near the western side of the lake. is where Askja has actually been inflating fastest, a lure for. scientists. On a go to in August, Reuters experienced a group of. three scientists from the University of Geneva at the lake's. edge, filling equipment into an inflatable rowboat. Their objective: to. measure carbon dioxide concentrations in the lake and collect. water samples from its inmost points.
The information is challenging to get. The numbingly cold and typically. tempestuous waters are dangerous. Landslides on the caldera's. high scarp can launch tsunamis huge enough to overload neighbouring. Viti crater. In 1907, 2 German researchers set off onto the. lake and were never seen again. The Geneva team's boat would be. the first on the lake in nearly a decade. The University of. Geneva scientists dressed in thick thermal equipment, simply in. case.
One of them, geologist Nicolas Oestreicher, stated the work. was necessary offered both Askja's explosive capabilities and the. increased activity around the lake. If it's a huge explosion,. then it's truly hazardous for the people around here, the. travelers, Oestreicher stated.
His group, which later returned securely from their boat journey,. was among numerous from Iceland and abroad that day racing to. find out what was going on at Askja. University of Iceland. geophysicist Freysteinn Sigmundsson, co-head with Parks of the. government-funded job, existed, too. Today might be the. wealthiest day in all of Askja's history in regards to the variety of. researchers here, he said.
Sigmundsson has actually been pertaining to the volcano almost every year. considering that 1990 and he knows the terrain well. Carrying a. surveying tripod, he clambered with sure-footed expertise across. beds of jagged, crunchy lava, searching for round metal markers. that researchers anchored in the area in the 1960s and 1970s. These would inform him where to set up his equipment to examine how. much Askja had actually grown or moved over the past year.
The measurements Sigmundsson and his coworkers took in. August showed 12 cm (five inches) of uplift at Askja given that the. previous year, confirming that the volcano was still in a state. of discontent and could erupt at any time.
FROM THE ANDES TO ANTARCTICA
Regardless of what they ultimately find, the interplay. between volcanoes and ice will remain a chief concern among. volcanologists. The most fatal eruption in the last 100 years. was that of Nevado del Ruiz in the Colombian Andes in 1985. Some. 23,000 people were eliminated after a superheated amalgam of ash,. lava pieces and gases called a pyroclastic circulation melted snow. and ice near the volcano's top, sending enormous rivers of mud. and debris hurrying down the volcano's flanks.
Any eruption where there is a possibility of (snow or ice). communicating with the hot stuff contributes to the aspects of threat,. said Ben Edwards, a volcanologist at Dickinson College in. Pennsylvania and lead author of the 2020 study that produced the. database of ice-clad volcanoes.
Edwards and his fellow researchers prepared a list of the. world's most unsafe volcanoes that lie under glaciers, based. on the volume of ice on or near each one, the frequency of past. eruptions, and the population living within 30 km (19 miles). 7 of the top 10, they found, are in the Andes. The most. hazardous is Villarrica in Chile, with more than 35,000 individuals. residing in its shadow. Edwards remains in the middle of a five-year. research study looking for to comprehend how Villarrica reacted to glacial. retreat at the end of the last Ice Age.
The small number of research studies to date of the interaction. in between pulling away ice and volcanoes in other parts of the. world, researchers stated, mean the research underway in Iceland. will help develop a design template for what could occur elsewhere. It's not a best comparison: The underlying plate tectonics in. Iceland differ from those in the Andes. Magma reservoirs also. lie much deeper in the crust in the Andes than in Iceland,. Edwards said.
We don't have an excellent physical understanding of all the. procedures that control melting (of rock into magma) much deeper in. the mantle, said David Pyle, a volcanologist at the University. of Oxford who studies Chilean volcanoes. Whereas in Iceland,. the conceptual model is better established because in a manner. it's geologically simpler.
Antarctica, where both ice and volcanoes are abundant, has. become an area of issue in the last few years. While a handful of. volcanoes were understood to reside under the huge West Antarctic Ice. Sheet, in 2017 scientists reported discovering another 91 possible. volcanoes hidden there.
How many of them are active or have the potential to awaken. is difficult to establish. There are probably two or 3. which are certainly active. However there might be as many as 100 or. 150, said John Smellie, a former senior volcanologist with the. British Antarctic Survey who has actually finished 27 field seasons on. the continent and won 2 Polar Medals from the British royals.
If environment modification begins a new age of eruptions in the. coming years, Smellie said, it would hasten the already fast. loss of the continent's ice cover due to climate modification, adding. to rising water level and overloading the world's big seaside. cities. Antarctica is shedding more than 150 billion metric heaps. of ice a year, according to satellite measurements, and. scientists think that as oceans continue to warm, the West. Antarctic Ice Sheet is quick approaching a tipping point beyond. which the melt can not be stopped.
If an eruption includes even a small amount to global sea. level, it will worsen impacts currently happening due to. environment modification, Smellie said.
Under the worst-case situation, rapid melting of the West. Antarctic Ice Sheet would alleviate the pressure on buried volcanoes,. setting off eruptions. This in turn would speed up ice loss,. awakening much more volcanoes that melt more ice, and so on,. resulting in international catastrophe. Nevertheless, Smellie stated, that is. not likely to take place because thousands of nearly simultaneous. eruptions would be needed to melt even a small percentage of the. ice sheet.
IN THE RISK ZONE
Couple of individuals make their home near Askja. The closest village. lies about 60 km (37 miles) away. But some 13,000 individuals visit. the volcano throughout the summer season, when Askja is more. available, according to data from the national park authority. Frequently, tourists climb down into Viti crater to swim in the. Instagram-worthy lake, despite signs that warn them about acidic. water, which can irritate skin, and falling rock.
After a week of field work at and around Askja last August,. the volcanologists gathered park rangers and local police and. lodging personnel in a close-by ranger hut one night for a security. instruction on the state of the volcano.
Parks hovered over her laptop computer displaying a series of charts. and charts on her latest findings that revealed Askja was. still pumping up. Sigmundsson, standing in the doorway, described. to the rangers and police that forecasting eruptions is an. inaccurate science; they may not always have weeks of. seismic activity as a caution of an imminent eruption. The time. scale can be quite brief, he said. Hours, possibly ... You would. wish to have a plan if something occurs to rapidly evacuate the. caldera.
Among the greatest threats to tourists is a phreatic. explosion-- a blast of hot steam, ash and rocks that includes. little warning. That's what formed Viti crater nearly 150 years. earlier. In 2019, a phreatic explosion at New Zealand's White Island. volcano killed 22 people who were checking out the island at the. time.
At Sigmundsson's words, the room fell quiet. One of the. police officers then piped up with a plan: We just have to hope. that it blows up in the middle of the winter season.
(source: Reuters)