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Tariffs, market access and regulatory clashes are at the forefront of India-EU trade negotiations

Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission president, is expected to visit New Delhi and urge India to lower tariffs on cars and alcohol beverages and to expand its market access.

The talks for a free trade agreement between India and the EU, which had been stalled for 8 years, were resumed in 2021. They now include investment protection as well as geographical indications.

India's biggest trading partner is the EU, with bilateral trade in goods reaching $137.5 Billion in fiscal year 2023-24, a 90% increase over the last decade. Here are the key differences between India and its trading partner:

High Tariffs on Cars, Wines The EU wants India reduce tariffs by 100% to 150% on imported cars and whiskey.

India claims that World Trade Organisation rules allow differential tariffs to be applied between developed and developing countries, but it has demonstrated a willingness to gradually reduce tariffs in consultation with the local industry.

CARBON TAKE, DEFORESTATION REGULATIONS India opposes the EU proposal to impose high duties of 20-35% on high-carbon products such as steel, aluminum and cement from January 2026.

The EU has not yet indicated any relief and said that the higher tariffs are part of its clean-energy targets.

India opposes the EU's deforestation regulation, which states that all products imported to the bloc after December 31 2020 must not be from deforested land.

The regulations will come into effect in December 2020 for large enterprises and June 2026 for smaller companies.

INVESTMENT CARE The EU wants to make it easier for its Indian companies to repatriate their profits and resolve disputes faster, whereas India insists that all disputes be resolved by local courts rather than international arbitration.

DATA SECURITY The EU should recognise India as a country that is data secure, arguing that the strict EU rules on data transfers hinders trade in digital services.

MOVEMENT OF PROFESSIONALS India is seeking to ease temporary work access in the EU for its highly skilled professionals, which could benefit its IT sector.

Local industry groups are opposed to the EU's demand that India liberalise accountancy, architecture, and legal services. The EU claims visa policies are controlled by member states. India's response to the EU demand for market access is to highlight EU exports, which include $416m in wine and more than $2b in automobiles and components in 2023/24. This includes $416m in fully-built vehicles. The majority of EU cars exported to India are knock-downs, which attract a 15% local assembly duty.

In 2023/24 India will import $61.5 billion in EU goods, while its exports to the EU will reach $75.9 billion.

AGRICULTURE India is concerned that opening its market to heavily subsidised EU agricultural products will hurt local farmers by millions.

The EU wants to lower the tariffs that India charges on agricultural products, which currently range from 35% to 60%.

Intellectual Property (IP) The EU is opposed to India's IP policies because it believes that the "ever-greening of patents" hinders India's pharmaceutical companies.

India wants to gain greater access to the EU market for its cheaper drugs, chemicals and other products.

(source: Reuters)