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Climate change threatens to erode the cradle of civilisation in Iraq

Iraqi officials have raised the alarm about the danger of losing thousands of years of history as Iraq's ancient cities in the south face erosion due to climate change.

The harsh, dry weather increases the salinity of the soil, damaging historical monuments such as Ur, where Abraham the Biblical patriarch was born, and Babylon, which once held the capital of an empire.

Sand dunes have caused the deterioration on the northern side the Ziggurat, an ancient stepped pyramid temple dedicated to Nanna, the moon goddess, more than 4,000-years ago.

The combination of wind and dunes causes the northern parts of the structure to be eroded, said Abdullah Nasrallah an archaeologist in the Dhi Qar Province - which is where the city Ur is located.

ANCIENT MUD BRICKS ARE NOW SALT-FREE

The shrine is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and remains one of best preserved examples of ancient Mesopotamian architectural styles. It offers an insight into the religious practices and sacred ceremonies of the Sumerian Empire, where one the first civilisations in the world flourished.

Nasrallah stated that the erosion of the second layer has begun. "While the third (of the Ziggurat's) layer had already degraded due to climate change and weathering, the erosion now affects the second layer," he said.

Salt deposits are eroding the mud bricks of Ur's Royal Cemetery, which was discovered in the 1920s by British archaeologist Leonard Woolley. The Royal Cemetery is now at danger of collapse.

Dr. Kazem hassoun, an antiquities inspector in Dhi Qar, said that the salt deposits were caused by global warming and climate changes. This led to the destruction important parts of this cemetery.

Hassoun stated that "ultimately, the deposits would cause the total collapse of the mud-bricks which make up this graveyard."

Iraq has been battling high temperatures and droughts, which have led to an increase in salinity in the south of the country where the Tigris River and Euphrates River converge on their way to the Gulf.

The archaeological sites of ancient Babylon, further up the Euphrates are also in danger. The sites need urgent attention and restoration but lack of funds is a problem, said Dr. Montaser Al-Hasnawi of the Iraqi Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

The country has endured decades worth of wars that have threatened its historic structures. From the 1980s conflict with Iran, to the Gulf War in the early 1990s and the 2003 U.S. invasion, followed by insurgent violence, and the rise and collapse of the Islamic State.

Climate change is the latest threat to its future, threatening not only its agricultural industry, but also its historic footprint.

High salinity levels in Babylon are threatening the ancient clay-based structures on which Sumerian drawings can still be seen.

Materials were directly sourced from land that was lower in salinity. Hasnawi explained that this could have made the structures less susceptible to climate change. However, improper restoration practices during previous decades had made them more vulnerable. The need for a new restoration is made more urgent by the rising salinity.

The salinity of surface and underground water is increasing. Hasnawi stated that this will result in the destruction of many underground cities.

(source: Reuters)