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Why India's heat-action plans aren't cooling down cities

Short-term remedies drive response

Heat is a major problem in cities, but there are no budgets allocated to it

Two-thirds Indians are at risk from extreme heat

Bhasker Tripathi

The Indian summer, which lasts between March and June, started early this year, with a heatwave unprecedented in February. This was followed by temperatures above normal in March and in April.

Heat Action Plans (HAPs) are India's primary response to the rising temperatures which threaten public health, food safety and outdoor workers. They were first introduced in 2013.

Recent studies have shown that the majority of Indian cities still rely on quick fixes and are underfunded or uncoordinated.

Aditya Pillai, coauthor of a report on cities' response to extreme heat by the Sustainable Futures Collaborative think tank (SFC), published in March, said that local governments "acknowledge heat as a serious problem".

But they don't even have a concept of long-term resilience to climate change.

No Transformability

According to a study conducted by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water, a New Delhi-based think tank, more than half of India's urban and rural districts, home to 76% of its population, or over 1 billion people, now face a high or very high level of risk due to extreme heat.

HAPs are encouraged by the central government, but they are not compulsory. More than 250 districts and cities in 23 states with high temperatures have developed HAPs.

SFC surveyed nine high-risk cities including New Delhi Bhopal Kolkata Varanasi. They reported 150 heat-related actions between 2018-2023. However, most of these measures were only taken during the summer months or after heatwaves. These included setting up water stations and changing school schedules.

SFC's findings show that long-term solutions and redesigning built environments are rare, and they tend to focus on healthcare issues, such as training hospital staff and tracking heat deaths.

The study found that many transformative measures, such as building climate-sensitive housing, were absent.

Pillai said that land ownership and infrastructure issues often prevent India's poorest and densest areas from participating in cooling initiatives such as tree planting or water body restoration.

He said that "you end up with greenery around the edges, not where you need it."

Selomi Garnaik is a Greenpeace India campaigner who said that many HAPs lack "targeted investments or meaningful changes in infrastructure and governance."

She said that the plans are often top-down, with little input from communities, and heat still is viewed as an issue primarily affecting health, "when in fact it intersects with housing, labour rights and urban planning."

The majority of respondents supported national actions, such as switching to clean energy, over local measures.

Pillai stated that this may discourage local politicians to spend money and labor on longer-term strategy.

India has started to set aside more money for heating.

Heatwaves will be eligible for project-based financing in 2024 under the State Disaster Mitigation Fund. The fund has 320 billion Rupees (3.71 billion dollars) available to cover disasters from 2021-2026.

Vishwas Chitale is a climate resilience researcher with CEEW. He said that access to these funds remains limited because guidelines for the fund are still in development.

He said that city planners should "treat heat as a long-term problem and not only an emergency."

He cited Chennai, a city with 6,8 million residents on India's south-east coast, where officials used data from district-level heat risks to decide where to place parks and bodies of fresh water in its 20-year master plan.

Experts say that a holistic solution to the ever-rising temperature in India still needs to be developed.

(source: Reuters)