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Brazil's vast forest is managed by "conservation mosaics".

Brazil has 40% public natural areas

The "mosaics", or contiguous conservation units, are grouped together.

Regional policies are articulated by local governments, NGOs and communities

By Andre Cabette Fabio

Borges, speaking on her porch near the Negro River in Ecuador, said that her company, Yara Amazonas has partnered with loggers so they can extract oil and seeds from the forests instead of cutting down trees.

Yara Amazonas, a sustainable initiative within the Lower Negro River Mosaic of Protected Areas (a group of 14 Conservation Areas established between 1980 and 2018 covering an area greater than Ireland), is one of dozens in the Lower Negro River's mosaic of protected zones.

Henrique Pereira is a professor of the National Institute of Amazonian Research. He said that the federal government created the mosaic system to help manage natural reserves which overlap or are contiguous.

The councils of Brazil's 27 Mosaics are made up of members from the community and administrators at the federal, state, and municipal levels. They help to fight land-grabbers and loggers as well as illegal farmers and they allow funds to trickle to initiatives on the grounds.

In Brazil, the management of public areas is a massive task. From national parks with strict rules that prohibit people from living there to Indigenous territories and settlements, for sustainable development.

According to a government assessment of 2024, these areas cover about 40% of the nation's land, an area bigger than India. They are governed under a variety rules and jurisdictions.

Brazil is preparing for the COP30 U.N. Climate Change Conference in the Amazonian city of Belem, in November. This will raise expectations about new funding and actions to protect Brazil's natural environment as well as help communities.

Brazilian authorities claim that a severe drought in Amazon has contributed to food insecurity. Wildfires also played a significant role in the record-breaking global forest losses last year.

Scientists claim that deforestation compounds the effects of climate changes, and threatens to transform large areas of Amazonia into drier ecosystems.

Marcos Pinheiro said that the mosaic councils help members to exchange information and gain strength in order to make conservation efforts effective on the ground.

Puranga Conquista, an 86,000 hectare area that forms part of the Lower Negro River mosaic, is home to over 800 families.

From Manaus, the capital of Amazonas state, where the Lower Negro River Mosaic can be found, take an hour-long trip on the Negro River. The river is flanked by lush jungle and a few wood houses.

Settlers receive land in batches and can cultivate crops, harvest seeds, fish and fruit, or extract timber and wood under strict environmental regulations and a community-agreed plan.

LAND RIGHTS IS KEY

It hasn't always been like this.

Puranga Conquista, when it was first protected by the government in 1995 was classified as a part of state park. Human settlement was also banned.

Francisco Borges, Elisangela’s father and member of the Mosaic’s Council, said that people who lived there for years could have been evicted.

In 2000, with the support of other mosaic members, the community launched a campaign that was successful in 2014, persuading the authorities to reclassify this area as a reserve for sustainable development, so the people could continue living there.

Francisco Borges said, "A request from the council of the mosaic is more powerful than one from a single reservation."

After communities successfully lobbied for an area to be recognized as a sustainable settlement, the Lower Negro River Mosaic has gained 580,000 additional hectares in 2018.

Securing communal land rights, say environmentalists, is crucial to stopping deforestation. It discourages people clearing public forests and using the land for private farms.

The Amazon Fund is an international mechanism that supports projects to stop and reverse deforestation. It has funded production by Yara Amazonas, and three workshops where local Indigenous people produce handicrafts.

The Lower River Negro Mosaic also includes numerous other initiatives, such as youth groups, fire brigades and furniture workshops, in addition to preserving turtle populations.

POLITICAL HEADWINDS

These initiatives haven't always been backed by the political establishment.

Pinheiro from REMAP said that many conservation mosaics helped communities to engage in territorial protection even during political turmoil.

The far-right Brazilian government led by President Jair Bolsonaro saw a significant increase in deforestation between 2019 and 2022 as they dismantled their environmental policies.

The Lower River Negro Mosaic Council continued to operate under the radar.

Pinheiro explained that "they understood that it was just a passing storm, so everyone kept quiet."

However, the political challenges have not disappeared.

A bill that will loosen the rules for environmental licensing is currently being debated in parliament.

Brazil's powerful agribusinesses are in favor of the change. However, environmental NGO Instituto Socioambiental says it will allow developers to ignore the impact of road, rail, hydropower dams, and other projects on areas protected.

Elisangela Borges stated that Brazil has vast potential for development, but it can be done without harming the environment.

(source: Reuters)