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What is the EU emissions trading system (ETS)?

The European Commission is set to propose a major overhaul of Europe's largest climate change policy, the EU's emission trading system. This affects all industries, power plants, airlines, and shipping firms across the continent.

What you should know

What is the EU ETS?

The Emissions Trading System (ETS) is the EU's flagship policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Since 2005, the EU has mandated that industries and power plants in Europe purchase a permit per metric ton of CO2 they emit. This creates a financial incentive for them to invest in cleaner technologies.

Emissions from ships and flights within Europe are also included, as well as 50% of emissions from international shipping to or from EU ports.

Where does it apply?

The EU ETS is applicable to all 27 EU member countries as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, who are not EU members. The system is linked to Switzerland's ETS.

The UK left the EU ETS after leaving the EU. Now, the two sides are negotiating to connect their respective ETSs.

China and South Korea have carbon prices as well, but EU's is strictest and the most expensive.

How does it work?

The EU requires that companies surrender enough CO2 permits each year to cover their emissions. The ETS limits the number of permits that can be released to the market every year in order to reduce emissions.

Permits are exchanged on energy exchanges. Low-emitting firms can sell their extra permits to earn?money and large polluters may buy extras as needed.

Around 57% of ETS permits sold each year are used to reduce CO2 emissions. The rest is given away to companies to help them compete with foreign firms who don't have to pay for CO2 costs.

The EU does NOT control the price of permits for CO2, which has increased from less than EUR10 per ton in 2010 to around EUR80 today.

The ETS has a "market stabilization reserve" that can add or remove?permits to the market in the event of a dramatic change in supply. This can indirectly help control price swings.

Does it work?

Yes, in a nutshell. Since 2005, CO2 emissions in sectors covered by the EU ETS has been halved.

The CO2 price made renewable energy and natural gas plants more cost-effective than coal.

However, the emissions of heavy industry barely decreased until 2020. Some companies claim that the reductions in emissions since then are due to plant closures, deindustrialisation and Europe's high prices for energy and low demand.

Why is the ETS being revised?

ETS was designed to meet the EU 2030 climate goal. The scheme will run out of permits for CO2 in 2039 if left unchanged. This is a trend that needs to be changed, as many industries won't have achieved zero emissions before then.

The revision is aimed at extending the system to 2030 and aligning it with the EU's 2040 target to reduce net emissions by 90 percent, which was agreed on last year.

It is happening during a backlash in Europe against the green agenda. Countries like Italy and Poland claim that it undermines industrial competitiveness.

The key question is if the upcoming revision of the?ETS will weaken it in response to certain governments' and businesses' complaints that the system puts Europe at an unfair disadvantage on global markets.

What's at Stake?

The EU's climate targets are worth hundreds of billions of euro. Around 40% of EU emissions are covered by the ETS. The EU will not meet its emission-reduction goals without it.

Since 2013, the ETS has generated EUR260billion in revenue. About 75-80% goes to the national budgets of EU countries, and the rest is put into EU funds that finance clean energy investment.

Brussels plans to tighten rules for how countries use their ETS revenue. This move is likely to be opposed by national governments.

Since its launch, the EU has also provided industries with free CO2 permits valued at EUR 250 billion. This will be determined by the revision.

Who wants what?

BASF, a German chemical giant, has demanded that the EU stop increasing ETS costs and maintain industries' free licenses.

Some, such as the SSAB steel company in Sweden, have made significant investments in CO2-cutting technology and want a high ETS price so that their investments can be competitive.

The governments are also divided. Italy and Poland are against the ETS, while Sweden and Denmark want to keep it.

What happens next?

After the Commission's proposal, which was made on Friday, EU member states and the European Parlament will present their own amendments and negotiate final rules. This process could take up to a year.

The Commission will likely fast-track some parts of its proposal, which is due to be approved in this year. This includes rules that increase the number of free allowances for industries from this year. (Reporting and editing by Jan Harvey; Kate Abnett)

(source: Reuters)