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Bangladesh garment workers pay hidden cost of rising heat

The rising temperatures are affecting household budgets as well as factory floors

Heat is forcing Bangladeshi workers to spend a larger share of their wages

Experts warn that the true cost of heat is not well-measured.

Tahmid Zami Tahmid Zami

Begum can't spare much money, but staying cool to her is a must. It is a matter of survival.

Begum, 32 is one of Bangladesh’s 4 million garment and textile workers, who must set aside a part of their meager income to cope with the rising heat.

According to a World Bank report released in 2025, the average summer temperature in Bangladesh has increased by 1.1 degrees Celsius since 1980. This is slightly higher than the global trend of 0.8 to 1 Celsius. The study found that high humidity pushed up the temperature of the air by 4.5 Celsius.

Researchers and labour advocates have noted that Bangladesh does not currently have a policy which sets national standards to manage heat risk in its most vulnerable communities. This includes outdoor workers and industrial workers.

Ameena Kiwdai, from the workers' rights group, People's Courage?International, said: "These workers pay an invisible heat tax, which is an additional cost burden that results from their effort to bear with the heat." Kidwai wrote a report in 2026 on South and Southeast Asia workers.

Begum's garment factory in the Konabari area of the industrial city Gazipur employs less than 1,000 people. Begum, despite the exhaust fans and ceiling fans that cool the factory, is forced to take frequent breaks to cool down.

Researchers at Australia's Griffith University found that temperatures in Bangladeshi factories during the summer months regularly exceeded 30 Celsius.

Begum's homecoming is also no relief. She can't get enough sleep because the ground is warm and radiates heat all night.

A 2024 study published in the journal Computational Urban Science found that the average land surface temperature in Gazipur (located just north of Dhaka) increased by approximately 2.01 Celsius from 2000 to 2020, as more green space was built.

Last month, to offset the government's?subsidy to the power sector, it raised electricity prices by over 16%, increasing the cost of cooling homes and factories.

Begum said, "The cost of electricity is increasing and this has an impact on my monthly household expenditure."

Women workers are at particular risk of heat stress. The national guideline for heat-related illnesses states that mothers in Bangladesh are more likely to deliver babies with cramps, heatstroke or headaches when the weather is hotter. This is because infants have less ability to deal with heat.

"Work was especially harder when I had my youngest child. Begum explained that she would have to take frequent breaks or half-day leaves during her pregnancy. She was docked 100 takas when she missed a half-shift.

PROFIT HIT

As workers suffer heat stress, factories owners are also faced with additional costs because they have to invest in cooling.

In a report published in February 2026, the nonprofit Apparel Institute stated that climate-related risk, such as carbon pricing, volatile raw material prices, and rising energy costs could reduce worldwide company profits up to 34% in 2030.

Mohiuddin Rubel, the managing director of Denim Expert Ltd. said that he had added more fans to his factory's production area and improved the?ventilation.

He has also taken other measures, including better access to drinking salts and water as well as more frequent breaks for hydration and first aid support for heat-related illness.

He said that these?measures' have increased Rubel's factory operating costs between?2% and 5% due to the higher electricity consumption.

Workers are responsible for a significant portion of the costs.

Md. Safiqul, a garment worker who has his own routine, buys cold drinks and sodas to quench his thirst during hot days. He spends an average of 2,500 taka per month on drinks and hydration salts.

Health risks affect productivity as well.

Rubel stated that workers who are unable to sleep well due to the heat or have a long commute may be fatigued when they arrive at their workplace.

Delays at work can also affect income.

Islam said that if I'm late by three days, a day's pay, or "hajira", is taken from my salary.

Rubel, however, said that the cost of increasing heat can't be covered by factories.

He said that government investment in reliable healthcare, electricity and water services is necessary to improve the well-being of workers and industrial resilience. Further research is also needed on heat tax.

He said that a stronger policy to support workplace adaptation would benefit businesses, and protect the health and productivity of workers.

(source: Reuters)